The results of this study indicate that by using a 6 kW CO2 laser-MAG hybrid welding process, the welding speed may be increased if an air gap is present in the joint. Experimental trials indicated that the welding speed may be increased by 30-82% when compared with bead-on-plate welding, or welding of a joint with no air gap i.e. a joint prepared as optimum for autogenous laser welding.
It was proofed in this study, that the separation of the different processes, as well as the relative configurations of the processes (arc leading or trailing) also affect welding performance through their influence on droplet size and therefore the metal transfer mode, which in turn determined the resulting weld quality and the ability to bridge air gaps. Welding in the bead-on-plate mode, or of an I butt joint containing no air gap joint is facilitated by using a leading torch, because of the preheating effect of the arc, which increases the absorptivity of the work piece to the laser beam, enabling greater penetration and the use of higher welding speeds. With an air gap present, air gap bridging is more effectively achieved by using a trailing torch because of the lower arc power needed, the wider arc, and the movement of droplets predominantly towards the joint edges.
According to the results of this study, the mode of metal transfer has a marked effect on gap bridgeability. Transfer of a single droplet per arc pulse may not be desirable if an air gap is present, because most of the droplets are directed towards the middle of the joint where no base material is present. In such cases, undercut is observed. Pulsed globular and rotational metal transfer modes enable molten metal to also be transferred to the joint edges, and are therefore superior metal transfer modes when bridging air gaps.
Process separation is also an important factor in gap bridgeability as indicated in this study. If process separation is too large, the resulting weld often exhibits sagging, or no weld may be formed at all as a result of the reduced interaction between the component processes. In contrast, if the processes are too close to one another, the processing region contains excess molten metal that may create difficulties for the keyhole to remain open. When the distance is optimised – i.e. a separation of 0-4 mm in this study, depending on the welding speed and beam-arc configuration – the processes act together, creating beneficial synergistic effects. The optimum process separation when using a trailing torch was found to be shorter (0-2 mm) than when a leading torch is used (2-4 mm);
a result of the facilitation of weld pool motion when the latter configuration is adopted.
The arc process used has a strong effect on the CO2-laser-MAG hybrid welding process. The laser beam welding component is relatively stable and easy to manage, with only two principal processing parameters (power and welding speed) needing to be adjusted. In contrast, the MAG process has been shown to have a major effect on the hybrid process, with a large number of processing parameters to optimise, all of which play an important role in the interaction between the laser beam and the arc. The parameters used for traditional MAG welding are often not optimal in achieving the most appropriate mode of metal transfer, and weld quality in laser hybrid welding, and must be optimised if the full range of benefits provided by hybrid welding are to be realised.
149
References
Abe, N., Kunugita, Y., Hayashi, M., Tsuchitani, Y., Dynamic observation of high speed laser-arc combination welding of thick steel plates, Trans. JWRI, Vol. 26, No 2., 1997a, p. 7-11
Abe, N., Agano, Y., Tsukamoto, M., Makino, T., Hayashi, M., Kurosawa, T., High speed welding of thick plates using a laser-arc combination system, Trans. JWRI, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1997b, p. 69-75 Abe, N., Hayashi, M., Trends in laser arc combination welding methods, Welding International, 16 (2), 2002, pp. 94-98.
Abe, N., Kunugita, Y., Hayashi, M., Tsuchitani, Y., Welding mechanism of laser-arc combination high speed welding, Trans. JWRI, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1998a, p. 109-110
Abe, N., Kunugita, Y., Hayashi, M., Tsuchitani, Y., Mihara, T., Miyake, S., Combination mechanism of high speed leading path laser-arc combination welding, Trans. JWRI, Vol. 27, No 2., 1998b, p. 7-11
Alexander, J., Steen, W.M., Penetration studies on arc augmented laser welding, Proceedings of Int.
Conf. on Welding Research in the 1980s, Japan, Osaka, 1980, p. 121-129
Alexander, J., Steen, W.M., Arc augmented laser welding process – variables, structure and properties, Join. Metals. Pract. and Perform., Proceedings of Spring Resident Conf. No. 18, England, Warwick, Vol. 1, 1981, p. 155-160
Chen, Y., Lei, Z., Li, L., Study of welding characteristics in CO2 laser-TIG hybrid welding process, Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 2003, Jacksonville, FL USA, October 2003, 7 p.
Chiang, S., Plume attenuation effects in CO2 laser welding of steel, Doctoral thesis, The Ohio State University, 1991, 149 p.
Diebold, T.P., Albright, C.E., Laser-GTA Welding of Aluminum Alloy 5052, Welding Journal, June 1984, pp. 18-24
Dilthey, U., Wieschemann, A., Prospects by combining and coupling laser beam and arc welding processes, IIW Doc. XII-1565-99, 1999, 16 p.
Eboo, M., Steen, W.M., Clarke, J., Arc augmented laser welding, Advances in welding processes, Proceedings of the 4th Int. Conf., England, Harrogate, Vol. 1, 1979, p. 257-265
El Rayes, M., Walz, C., Sepold, G., The influence of various hybrid welding parameters on bead geometry, Welding Journal May 2004, p. 147- 153
Fellman, A., Suojakaasuseoksen koostumuksen vaikutus CO2-laser-MAG-hybridihitsauksessa, Master’s thesis, Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2002, 106 p. [in Finnish]
Fellman, A., Salminen, A., Kujanpää, V., The Effect of Welding Parameters in CO2 Laser-MAG Hybrid Welding of Butt Joints, Laser Assisted Net Shape Engineering (LANE) 4 -conference, September 21-24, 2004, Erlangen, Germany, pp. 145-157.
Fellman, A. & Kujanpää, V., The effect of shielding gas composition on welding performance and weld properties in hybrid CO2 laser-gas metal arc welding of carbon manganese steel, Journal of Laser Applications, vol. 18, number 1, 2006, pages 12-20, ISSN 1042-346X
Fennander, H., Visual measurement of laser-arc hybrid welding, Master's Thesis, Lappeenranta University of Technology, 2006
Graf, T., Staufer, H., 2002, LaserHybrid process at Volkswagen, IIW Doc. XII-1730-02, International Institute of Welding, 2002, 9 p.
Grubic, K., Physical Relationships between the Shielding Gas and Process Stability at MAG Welding, Proceeding of Third European Conference on Joining Technology, 30th March-1st April, 1998, pp. 759-767
Hayashi, T., Katayama, S., Abe, N., Omori, A., High-power CO2 laser-MIG hybrid welding for increased gap tolerance. Hybrid weldability of thick steel plates with a square groove, Welding International, Vol. 18, No. 9., 2004, p. 692-701
Hu, B., Richardson, I.M., Absorption of laser energy by a welding arc, Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 2003, Jacksonville, FL USA, October 2003, 7 p.
Hügel, H., Dausinger, F., Interaction phenomena and energy coupling in laser treatment processes.
Euro Laser Academy 1995, Course material Module 1, Process Fundamentals Part II
Ion, J.C., Laser Processing of Engineering Materials, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005, 556 p.
Ishide, T., Tsubota, S., Watanabe, M., Ueshiro, K., Development of TIG-YAG and MIG-YAG hybrid welding, Welding International, Vol. 17, No. 10, 2003, p. 775-780
ISO 13919-1:1996, Welding - Electron and laser-beam welded joints - Guidance on quality levels for imperfections - Part 1: Steel
Kim, Y.-S., Eagar, T.W., Analysis of Metal Transfer in Gas Metal Arc Welding, Welding Journal, vol. 72, No. 6, 1993, pp. 269-278
Kim, Y.-S., Eagar, T.W., Metal Transfer in Pulsed Current Gas Metal Arc Welding, Welding Journal, vol. 72, No. 7, 1993, pp. 279-287
Kim, K.R., Farson, D.F., CO2 Laser-Plume Interaction in Materials Processing, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 2000, October 2000, pp. E 133-142, 10 p.
Kim, H.S., Lee, Y.S., Park, Y.S., Kim, J.K., Shin, J.H., Study on the welding variables according to gap tolerance of butt joint in laser hybrid arc welding of carbon steel, Proceedings of the second International WLT-Conference on Lasers in Manufacturing 2003, Munich, June 2003, p. 165-169 Kinney, P., Farson, D., Optimization of an innovative hybrid welding process for structural fabrication, Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 2003, Jacksonville, FL USA, October 2003, 10 p.
151 Kutsuna, M., Chen, L., 2002, Interaction of both plasma in CO2 laser-MAG hybrid welding of carbon steel, IIW Doc. XII-1708-02, International Institute of Welding, 2002, 10 p.
Magee, K.H., Merchant, V.E., Hyatt, C.V., Laser assisted gas metal arc weld characteristics, Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing ICALEO´90, 1990, p. 382-399
Mahrle, A., Beyer, E., Hybrid laser beam welding –Classification, characteristics and applications, Journal of Laser Applications, Vol. 18, No. 3, August 2006, p. 169-180
Makino, Y., Shihaara, K., Asai, S., Combination welding between CO2 laser beam and MIG arc, Welding International, 16 (2), 2002, pp.99-103.
Matsuda, J., Utsumi, A., Katsumura, M., Hamasaki, M., TIG and MIG arc augmented laser welding of thick mild steel plate, Joining and Materials, July 1988, pp. 31-34
Matsunawa, A., Seto, N., Kim, J-D., Mizutani, M, Katayama, S., Dynamics of keyhole and Molten pool in High Power CO2 Laser Welding, Proceedings of High power lasers in manufacturing, 1st-5th November, 1999, Osaka, Japan, pp. 34-45,12 p.
Matsunawa, A., Katayama, S., Understanding Physical Mechanisms in Laser Welding for Construction of Mathematical Model, Welding in the World, Vol. 46, Special issue, Copenhagen, Denmark, 24-25 June 2002
McCay, M.H., McCay, T.D., Sedghinasab, A., Keefer, D.R., Correlation of plasma characteristics with weldment properties for laser welded aluminium alloys, Symposium on Laser Materials Processing, 26th-28th September, 1988, Chicago, Illinois, p. 107-122, 16 p.
Metzbower, E.A., Absorption in the Keyhole, ICALEO 97, 1997, pp. G 16-25, 10 p.
Minami, K., Asai, S., Makino, Y., Shiihara, K., Kanehara, T., Laser-MIG hybrid welding process for stainless steel vessels, IIW Doc. XII-1704-02, International Institute of Welding, 2002, 11 p.
Miyamoto, I., Ohmura, E., Maede, T., Dynamic Behavior of Plume and Keyhole in CO2 Laser Welding, Proceedings of the 16th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 1997, 1997, pp. G 210-218, 9 p.
Mori, K., Miyamoto, I., In-process monitoring of laser welding by the analysis of ripples in the plasma emission, Journal of Laser Applications, Vol. 9 No. 3, 1997, 5 p.
Naito, Y., Katayama, S., Matsunawa, A., Keyhole behavior and liquid flow in molten pool during laser-arc hybrid welding, Proceedings of First International Symposium on High-Power Laser Macroprocessing, SPIE Vol. 4831, 2003a, p. 357-362
Naito, Y., Mizutani, M., Katayama, S., Observation of keyhole behavior and melt flows during laser-arc hybrid welding, Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 2003, Jacksonville, FL USA, October 2003b, 9 p.
Nielsen, S. E., Andersen, M.M., Kristensen, J.K., Jensen, T.A., Hybrid welding of thick section C/Mn steel and aluminium, IIW-DOC. XII 1731-02, International Institute of Welding, 2002, 15 p.
Nilsson, K., Engström, H., Kaplan, A., 2002, Influence of butt- and T-joint preparation laser arc hybrid welding, IIW Doc. XII-1732-02, International Institute of Welding, 2002, 12 p.
Norrish, J., A Review of Metal Transfer Classification in Arc Welding, IIW-Doc. 1769-03, 2003, 15 p.
Ono, M., Shinbo, Y., Yoshitake, A., Ohmura, M., Development of laser-arc hybrid welding, NKK Technical review No. 86, 2002, p. 8-12
Paulini, J., Simon, G., A theoretical lower limit for laser power in laser-enhanced arc welding, Journal of Physics D: Appl. Phys., vol. 26, 1993, pp. 1523-1527
Petring, D., Fuhrmann, C., Wolf, N., Poprawe, R., Investigations and applications of laser-arc welding welding from thin sheets up to heavy section components, Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 2003, Jacksonville, FL USA, October 2003, 10 p.
Roland, F., Reinert, T., Pethan, G., 2002, Laser welding in shipbuilding -an overview of the activities at Meyer Werft, IIW International Conference on Advanced Processes and Technologies in Welding and allied Processes, 24-25 June, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002, 13 p.
Sadler, H., A look at the fundamental of gas metal arc welding, Welding Journal, Vol. 78, No 5, May 1999, p. 45-47
Schilf, M., Thomy, C., Seefeld, T., Vollertsen, F., Some aspects of arc stability in GMA-Laser-hybrid welding, Proceedings of the second International WLT-Conference on Lasers in Manufacturing 2003, Munich, June 2003, p. 171-175
Seto, M., Katayama, S., Matsunawa, A., High-speed simultaneous observation of plasma and keyhole behaviour during high power CO2 laser welding: Effect of shielding gas on porosity formation, Journal of Laser Applications, Vol. 12, No. 6, December 2000, pp. 245-250
SFS-EN 10025, Hot rolled products of structural steels. 2004
Steen, W.M., Arc augmented laser processing of materials, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, No.
11, November 1980, pp. 5636-5641
Steen, W.M., Laser Material Processing, 3rd edition, Springer Verlag, 2003, 408 p.
Subramaniam, S., White, D.R., Jones, J.E., Lyons, D.W., Droplet Transfer in Pulsed Gas Metal Arc Welding of Aluminum, Welding Journal, Vol. 77, No. 11, 1998, pp. 458-464
Sugino, T., Tsukamoto, S., Nakamura, T., Arakane, G., Fundamental study on welding phenomena in pulsed laser-GMA hybrid welding, Proceedings of the 24th Int. Cong. on Applications of Laser &
Electro-Optics, Miami, FL, USA, 31st October-3rd November 2005, pp. 108-116
Tusek, J., Suban, M., Hybrid welding with arc and laser beam, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 4, No 5, 1999, pp. 308-311
Ueguri, S., Hara, K., Komura, H., Study of Metal Transfer in Pulsed GMA welding, Welding Journal, Vol. 64, No. 8, 1985, pp. 242-250
Welding Handbook, vol. 2, 7th edition, American Welding Society, 1978, 592 p.
Wieschemann, A., Keller, H., Dilthey, U., Hybrid-welding and the HyDRA MAG + Laser processes in shipbuilding, Welding International, Vol. 17, No. 10, 2003, p. 761-766
153 Xie, J., Plasma fluctuation and keyhole instability in laser welding, Proceedings of the 18th International Congress on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics 1999, pp. D11-20, 1999, 10 p.
Zhao, J.R., Zhang, S.B.D., Sun, D., et al, Research of a new welding technique – double heat source laser-arc, IIW Doc. No XII-1187-90, 1990, p. 375-390
Appendices
Appendix 1: Laser beam analysis of the CO2 laser used in the experiments
Appendix 2: Parameters used in the experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 0906xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 3: Parameters used in the experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 24/2510xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 4: Parameters used in the experiments testing the effect of longer distance between the processes on the gap bridgability in experiments with welding number 24/2510xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 5: Visual and macrographic examination, quality rating, welding energy and weld cross-sectional area of experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 0906xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 6: Macrographs of welds made into different grooves with varying welding speeds and torch directions, experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 0906xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 7: Photographs of the welds made with the highest welding speed to achieve full penetration into different kinds of grooves, experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 0906xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 8: Visual and macrographic examination, quality rating, welding energy and weld cross-sectional area of experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 24/2510xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 9: Macrographs of welds made into different grooves with varying welding speeds and torch directions, experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 24/2510xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 10: Photographs of the welds made with the highest welding speed to achieve full penetration into different kinds of grooves, experiments testing the effect of groove in experiments with welding number 24/2510xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 11: Visual and macrographic examination, quality rating, welding energy and weld cross-sectional area of experiments testing the effect of distance between the processes in experiments with welding number 0906xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 12: Macrographs of welds made into different grooves with varying welding speeds and torch directions and distances between the processes, experiments testing the effect of distance between the processes in experiments with welding number 0906xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 13: Photographs of the welds made with welding speed 1.6 m/min and varying distances between the processes, experiments testing the effect of distance between the processes in experiments with welding number 0906xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 14: Visual and macrographic examination, quality rating, welding energy and weld cross-sectional area of experiments testing the effect of 2 and 4 mm distance between the processes into different grooves in experiments with welding number 24/2510xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 15: Macrographs of welds made into different grooves with 2 and 4 mm distances between the processes and different filler wire diameters, experiments testing the effect of distance between the processes in experiments with welding number 24/2510xx using low frame rate videographing during welding
Appendix 16: Visual and macrographic examination, quality rating, welding energy and weld cross-sectional area of experiments testing the effect of distance between the processes in experiments with welding number 0102xx using high-speed videographing during welding
Appendix 17: Macrographs of welds made with different distances between the processes, experiments testing the effect of distance between the processes in experiments with welding number 0102xx using high-speed videographing during welding
Appendix 18: Measurements of droplet cross-sections and flight direction observations from high-speed videographs
Appendix 1 Beam analysis with Primes Beam Analyzer of the RS6000 CO2 laser beam with focal length 300 mm:
Weld no Laser power kWAirgapTorch direction Filler wire diameter mm Laser-wire distance mm Welding speed m/min Filler wire feed rate m/minShielding gas composition Shielding gas flow rate l/minSynergy?
Voltage setting V Pulse current A
Pulse time ms
Pulse frequency Hz
Base current ACurrent meanVoltage mean 0906014.7BOPleading0.821.13.450He45Ar5CO225off31.52721.9521638.435.24 0906024.7BOPtrailing0.821.13.450He45Ar5CO225off31.52721.9521638.3235.06 0906034.7BOPleading0.821.23.750He45Ar5CO225off31.52761.9562040.7432.82 0906044.7BOPtrailing0.821.23.750He45Ar5CO225off31.52761.9562039.9432.42 0906054.7BOPleading0.821.44.350He45Ar5CO225off31.72801.9622445.6432.84 0906064.7BOPtrailing0.821.44.350He45Ar5CO225off31.72801.9622446.0733.37 0906074.7BOPleading0.821.6550He45Ar5CO225off322801.9702449.4332.73 0906084.7BOPtrailing0.821.6550He45Ar5CO225off322801.9702449.2532.25 0906094.70leading0.821.6550He45Ar5CO225off322801.9702448.8532.94 0906104.70trailing0.821.6550He45Ar5CO225off322801.9702447.5531.36 090611B4.70leading0.821.44.350He45Ar5CO225off31.72801.9622445.1534.13 0906124.70trailing0.821.44.350He45Ar5CO225off31.72801.9622445.1533.27 0906134.70leading0.821.23.750He45Ar5CO225off31.52761.9562039.7133.74 0906144.70trailing0.821.23.750He45Ar5CO225off31.52761.9562038.7932.41 0906154.70leading0.821.13.450He45Ar5CO225off31.52721.9521635.8135.03 0906164.70trailing0.821.13.450He45Ar5CO225off31.52721.9521636.0635.29 0906174.70.5leading0.821.29.350He45Ar5CO225off32.83001.91184087.3834.23 0906184.70.5trailing0.821.29.350He45Ar5CO225off32.83001.91184087.3135.13 0906194.70.5leading0.821.410.950He45Ar5CO225off333081.913448101.2936.11 0906204.70.5trailing0.821.410.950He45Ar5CO225off333081.91344899.3835.21 0906214.70.5leading0.821.612.450He45Ar5CO225off33.33161.915252113.6736.81 0906224.70.5trailing0.821.612.450He45Ar5CO225off33.33161.915252114.8336.54 0906234.70.5leading0.821.81450He45Ar5CO225off33.83241.91706012537.17 0906244.70.5trailing0.821.81450He45Ar5CO225off33.83241.917060125.436.62 0906254.71leading0.821.624.850He45Ar5CO225off35.8380228484221.2743.73 0906264.71trailing0.821.624.850He45Ar5CO225off35.8380228484223.2543 0906274.71leading0.821.421.450He45Ar5CO225off35.3368224676200.1444.05 0906284.71trailing0.821.421.450He45Ar5CO225off35.3368224676198.4641.58 0906294.70.5leading0.82215.550He45Ar5CO225off343321.918656130.637.13 0906304.70.5trailing0.82215.550He45Ar5CO225off343321.918656127.7836.72 0906314.71.2leading0.821.42550He45Ar5CO225off36380228484227.444.6 0906324.71.2trailing0.821.42550He45Ar5CO225off3638022848422644.15
MAG-parametersRealized values
Appendix 2
Weld no Laser power kWAirgapTorch direction Filler wire diameter mm Laser-wire distance mm Welding speed m/min Filler wire feed rate m/minShielding gas composition Shielding gas flow rate l/minSynergy?Voltage setting V
Pulse current A
Pulse time ms
Pulse frequency Hz
Base current ACurrent meanVoltage mean 241001-V5.20leading1.221.66.450He45Ar5CO225on33.34642.211872171.730.51 241002-T5.20trailing1.221.66.450He45Ar5CO225on33.34642.211872165.1131.74 241004-V5.20.5leading1.222.610.450He45Ar5CO225on364962.2186104235.1728 241005-V5.20.5leading1.222.811.250He45Ar5CO225on36.55042.2200116264.1430.5 241006-T5.20.5trailing1.222.610.450He45Ar5CO225on364962.2186104237.8629.18 241007-T5.20.5trailing1.222.811.250He45Ar5CO225on36.55042.2200116249.2929.93 241008-V5.21leading1.221.612.750He45Ar5CO225on37.55162.2224132314.6734.92 241009-V5.21leading1.221.814.350He45Ar5CO225on38.55282.2252140346.2534.86 241010-V5.21leading1.22215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.227018436035.09 241011-T5.21trailing1.22215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.2270184360.2935.21 241012-T5.21trailing1.222.620.750He45Ar5CO225on42.85802.2270300416.0937.05 241013-T5.21trailing1.222.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248385.6736.33 241014-V5.21leading1.222.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248305.535.85 241019-T5.20trailing0.821.614.350He45Ar5CO225on33.8332216852122.6533.91 241020-V5.20leading0.821.614.350He45Ar5CO225on33.8332216852132.6332.7 241021-V5.20leading0.821.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860141.4433.55 241022-T5.20trailing0.821.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860132.7534.08 241023-T5.20.5trailing0.822.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872155.1232.97 241024-V5.20.5leading0.822.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872168.3333.28 241025-V5.20.5leading0.822.623.350He45Ar5CO225on35.5380226872173.7134.54 241026-T5.20.5trailing0.822.623.350He45Ar5CO225on35.5380226872165.8633.93
MAG-parametersRealized values
Appendix 3
Weld no Laser power kWAirgapTorch direction
Filler wire diameter mm
Laser-wire distance mm Welding speed m/min Filler wire feed rate m/minShielding gas composition Shielding gas flow rate l/minSynergy?
Voltage setting V
Pulse current A
Pulse time ms
Pulse frequency Hz
Base current ACurrent meanVoltage mean 241019-T5.20trailing0.821.614.350He45Ar5CO225on33.8332216852122.6533.91 241020-V5.20leading0.821.614.350He45Ar5CO225on33.8332216852132.6332.7 241003-T5.20trailing1.221.67.950He45Ar5CO225on34.24762.214488201.8932.67 241004-V5.20.5leading1.222.610.450He45Ar5CO225on364962.2186104235.1728 241021-V5.20leading0.821.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860141.4433.55 241022-T5.20trailing0.821.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860132.7534.08 251005-V5.20leading0.841.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860146.833 251006-T5.20trailing0.841.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860133.633.48 241023-T5.20.5trailing0.822.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872155.1232.97 241024-V5.20.5leading0.822.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872168.3333.28 251001-T5.20.5trailing0.842.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872158.6331.72 251002-V5.20.5leading0.842.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872170.4333.11 241027-T5.21trailing0.821.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480197.8237.26 241028-V5.21leading0.821.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480204.5638.69 241029-V5.21leading0.841.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480199.0637.29 241030-T5.21trailing0.841.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480201.8237.43 241010-V5.21leading1.22215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.227018436035.09 241011-T5.21trailing1.22215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.2270184360.2935.21 241016-V5.21leading1.24215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.2270184358.1535.12 241017-T5.21trailing1.24215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.2270184360.2135.59 241013-T5.21trailing1.222.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248385.6736.33 241014-V5.21leading1.222.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248305.535.85 241015-V5.21leading1.242.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248386.1736.02 241018-T5.21trailing1.242.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248386.5836.25
Base current ACurrent meanVoltage mean 241019-T5.20trailing0.821.614.350He45Ar5CO225on33.8332216852122.6533.91 241020-V5.20leading0.821.614.350He45Ar5CO225on33.8332216852132.6332.7 241003-T5.20trailing1.221.67.950He45Ar5CO225on34.24762.214488201.8932.67 241004-V5.20.5leading1.222.610.450He45Ar5CO225on364962.2186104235.1728 241021-V5.20leading0.821.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860141.4433.55 241022-T5.20trailing0.821.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860132.7534.08 251005-V5.20leading0.841.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860146.833 251006-T5.20trailing0.841.816.150He45Ar5CO225on34344218860133.633.48 241023-T5.20.5trailing0.822.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872155.1232.97 241024-V5.20.5leading0.822.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872168.3333.28 251001-T5.20.5trailing0.842.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872158.6331.72 251002-V5.20.5leading0.842.421.550He45Ar5CO225on35.3368224872170.4333.11 241027-T5.21trailing0.821.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480197.8237.26 241028-V5.21leading0.821.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480204.5638.69 241029-V5.21leading0.841.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480199.0637.29 241030-T5.21trailing0.841.62550He45Ar5CO225on36388228480201.8237.43 241010-V5.21leading1.22215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.227018436035.09 241011-T5.21trailing1.22215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.2270184360.2935.21 241016-V5.21leading1.24215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.2270184358.1535.12 241017-T5.21trailing1.24215.950He45Ar5CO225on39.55402.2270184360.2135.59 241013-T5.21trailing1.222.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248385.6736.33 241014-V5.21leading1.222.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248305.535.85 241015-V5.21leading1.242.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248386.1736.02 241018-T5.21trailing1.242.217.550He45Ar5CO225on40.75562.2270248386.5836.25