Natural ECM of the cells is a highly complex array or different biomaterials and it provides various signals to cells through different cell receptors. To be able to create in vivo-like cell culture models, it is important to detect the key signals needed for different applications. Previously, it has been shown that in hPSC maintenance the correct integrin signaling prevents the stem cell differentiation. Here we show that weak nonspecific integrin-independent interactions of cell culture materials, such as CNF, with hPSCs can also prevent stem cell differentiation and allow cell spheroid formation. On the other hand, we show that specific integrin - biomaterial interactions are essential for guiding controlled hPSCs differentiation to somatic cell types. These are partially the underlying reasons behind the fact that, despite the many advantages of CNF, it is not a suitable material for hPSC differentiation as such.
This thesis illustrates the versatility of the AFM for cell–biomaterial cell studies and that the different types of cell–biomaterial interactions quantified with CPM have a good correlation with cell behavior in vitro. We indicate that the CPM method is a useful tool to study cell–biomaterial interactions and, thus, also cell spheroids and tissue sections could, in the future, be studied with AFM. The information obtained from force measurements can be utilized in creating novel hybrid materials for cell culture applications. With the correct set-up we can discriminate between nonspecific and specific interactions and target them to the certain cell-surface receptors with desired biological functions.
This thesis introduces new methods to find and characterize suitable biomaterials to boost hPSC differentiation and to develop well-defined matrices and hybrid scaffolds in 2D and, especially, 3D. We also show the means to study the specificity of cell– biomaterial interactions aiming to utilize cell–ECM interactions to induce stem cell differentiation.
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