Conclusions and future aspects

In Finland, lowertemperatures and longer days thanatlower latitudes together with grass varie-ties adaptedtonorthern latitudes produce agrass

withahigh-digestibility withaDM yield

poten-Seminar in honour

of

the 100th anniversary

ofMTT

tial almost two-fold greaterthan that of cereal grains. Good ensiling technology and theuseof efficient silage additives preserve grass for long winter feeding periods without extensive nutri-entlosses. Addition of high levels ofacids tends to increase effluent losses compared with

un-treatedor inoculant silages, which needs tobe prevented.^InFinland,relative advantages offor-age-based feeding systems areprobably one of the highest providing that subsidy systems do notbias feed prices.

For ration formulationmoreaccurate predic-tions of silage D-value from the standing crop areurgently needed. Changes in digestibilityare extremely rapid atnorthern latitudes and not accurately predicted by the chemical composi-tion of grass. Harvesting eithertoo earlyor too latecan present economic losses in termsof re-duced DM yield^or nutritivevalue,respectively.

Production experiments have demonstrated that it is difficulttocompensatefor the effects of low D-value in silage by feeding additional concen-trate. Approximately 1 kg day

1

^additional

con-centrateis requiredtocompensatefor_adecrease of 10 g kg

1

^{in silage D-value,} which typically occurswithin2 days. Using meteorological data available from weather stations and measure-mentsof changes in D-value by NIR techniques may provide better toolstooptimise harvesting time.

Traditionally inFinland, grass has been en-siled using high rates of FA application (4 to 5 litres per tonne). Typically theses silages con-tain40-50 g (kg DM)

1

oflactic acid and40-50 g (kgN)'¹of ammonia N. Losses in nutritive value during ensiling are extremelylimited, and are not higher than that of barn-dried hay harvested from thesame sward. Measurements of digesti-bility, ruminal protein metabolism, feed intake and production responses in lactating dairycows allsuggestthat restrictively fermented silage has at least the same nutritive value as barn-dried hay produced from thesamesward. Our studies suggestthatalower protein value of ensiled for-ages than of fresh or dried forages applies only tobadly and/or extensively fermented silages.

Although the protein value and intake

poten-tial of restrictively fermented silages arehigher than those of extensively fermented silages, available nutrientsarenotwell balanced for milk protein production. The_patternof_rumen fermen-tation in animals given diets based on restric-tively fermented silages is characterised by small

molar proportion of propionate and high molar proportions of lipogenic VFA. Due ^to limited gluconeogenesis from propionate, more amino acids arerequired for glucose production. This cancompromise higher protein values of restric-tively fermented compared with extensively fer-mented silages, which tendtoproducemore pro-pionate in therumen.Thepattern ofrumen fer-mentation in animals given restrictively ferment-ed silage is resistanttomanipulation, since it is controlled mainly by silage type.For example, increasing the amountof barley-based concen-trate has proved tobe inefficient. Imbalanced amino acid composition may also explain why the higher protein value of FA-treated silage is not fully realised in production experiments.

Further studies_areneededtoevaluate the effects of amino acid supplementation and interactions between amino acid and glucose metabolism.

Marginal responsestoadditionalconcentrate have been relatively small inrecent studies, es-pecially at higher levels of supplementation.

High substitutionrates ofhighly digestible well-fermented silages and moderateamountsof

con-centratearelikelytoexplain the smallerrespons-estoadditionalconcentrates than has been

gen-erally reported. Total diet digestibility does^not increase with increased concentrate inputs, and therefore incremental increases in ME intakeare generally smaller than expected. Although we could estimate thetrueincrement in ME intake, variation in the partitioning of additional ME between mammary gland and body tissues cre-ates afurther problem in attempting topredict milk production responses. There arelarge dif-ferences in theapparentefficiency of utilisation of additional ME provided by additional concen-trate, improved silage digestibility or increased silageDM intake in responsetoprotein supple-mentation. More research is neededto under-stand the effects of and the interactions between Vol. 7(1998):219-250.

nutrientson energy utilisation and partitioning.

Supplementation of grass silage-based diets withRSM, SBM orfish meal has consistently produced considerable responses indicating that the supply of amino acids from silage and grain diets is either quantitatively or qualitatively limited. Protein yield responsescanbe accurately predicted from changes in AAT supply suggest-ing that ourprotein evaluationsystem can ade-quately evaluate typical diets used in Finland.

High marginal responses toadditional AAT in milk protein and ECM yield indicate that sup-plementary protein is used efficiently and that the presentfeeding recommendationsarerather low. Production responses_arenotrelatedto pro-ductionlevel, stageoflactation,_amountof con-centrate, silage CPcontentortotal diet CP indi-cating that simpler protein feeding strategiescan be applied in practice than currently used in the present ration formulationsystem.

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In document View of Supply of nutrients and productive responses in dairy cows given diets based on restrictively fermented silage (sivua 26-32)