Due to the Arctic climate change and the related diminishing of Arctic sea ice cover, the general condi-tions for Arctic shipping are changing. The retreat of Arctic sea ice opens up new routes for maritime transportation, both trans-Arctic passages and new alternatives within the Arctic region. Hence the amount of Arctic shipping is presumed to increase.
Despite the maritime conditions in the Arctic are undeniably changing, certain characteristic fea-tures of the Arctic waters will remain unaltered. Hence the sailing conditions of the Arctic region will not be comparable to those of blue waters at least in the near future, and open-water vessels are very likely to encounter serious hindrances when operating in the Arctic. In general, as an ever larger fleet with varying standards of equipment will be exposed to the harsh conditions of the Arctic, a considera-ble statistical risk of humanitarian and environmental disasters follows.
The increase in Arctic shipping will also lead to an increased amount of emissions. The increased emissions may have remarkable and unpredictable influences to the particularly sensitive Arctic envi-ronment. With regard to emission species, especially black carbon is presumed to have climatic signifi-cance within the Arctic context. Black carbon absorbs solar radiation very effectively, and when depos-ited to snow or sea ice cover, it may notably alter the radiative equilibrium of the Arctic region.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has had a central role in cutting down emissions from marine activities. However, with regard to black carbon, there are some disagreements among IMO member states that hinder implementing regulations and thus gaining abatements. Above all, de-fining black carbon unequivocally has proven to be a rather difficult task, and the related selection of approved measurement technologies has been a rather time-consuming process.
Altogether, assessing the climate impact from black carbon emissions originating in Arctic shipping is a very timely task, as the current volume of Arctic shipping and the related emissions is yet rather moderate, but substantial growth is expected already in the near future. Hence the disputes within IMO must also be resolved as soon as possible, so that the undesired effects of Arctic shipping emissions can be minimized.
There is a wide range of methods and technologies for gaining black carbon emission abatements, and the most efficient alternative is likely to be a combination of different single solutions. However, the reductions in black carbon emissions cannot be assessed as a separate issue, and the consequences of different abatement measures to other species of emissions have to be taken into account right from the beginning.
Many of the solutions aiming at reductions in nitrogen and sulfur oxides as well as carbon dioxide, for example, cut down the black carbon emissions as well, though this is not always the case. In general, it is the joint effect on every different emission species that counts, but with regard to certain specific regions—such as the Arctic—the significance of apparent local climate impacts due to certain specific emission species—such as black carbon—may alter the overall situation substantially.
In conclusion, despite the fact that reductions in locally affecting short-lived emissions may com-prise an effective measure to gain relatively fast response, the only way to gain long-term climate change mitigation goals is to continue pursuing abatements of carbon dioxide and other long-lived greenhouse gas emissions. Vice versa, since reducing emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases will have an effect only on longer time scales, cutting down black carbon and other short-lived emissions can effectively help reducing near-term global warming and its impacts, particularly in regions most vulnerable to climate change—such as the Arctic.
Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 41/2014 101
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KUVAILULEHTI
Julkaisija Suomen ympäristökeskus Julkaisuaika
12/2014
Tekijä(t) Vesa Vihanninjoki
Julkaisun nimi Arctic Shipping Emissions in the Changing Climate
Julkaisusarjan
nimi ja numero Suomen ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 41/2014 Julkaisun teema
Julkaisun osat/
muut saman projektin tuottamat julkaisut
Julkaisu on saatavana vain internetistä: www.syke.fi/julkaisut | helda.helsinki.fi/syke
Tiivistelmä Arktisen ilmastonmuutoksen ja siihen liittyvän arktisen merijääpeitteen sulamisen myötä arktisen merenkulun olosuhteet ja edellytykset ovat muuttumassa. Arktisen merijään vetäy-tyminen avaa uusia kulkuyhteyksiä sekä arktisen alueen sisäiselle että transarktiselle laiva-liikenteelle. Arktisen laivaliikenteen määrän odotetaan tämän vuoksi kasvavan.
Havaitusta kehityksestä huolimatta arktisen alueen merenkulkuolosuhteet tulevat säilymään haastavina, ja erityistä huomiota tulee jatkossakin kiinnittää sekä miehistön, kaluston että muun infrastruktuurin asianmukaisuuteen arktisella alueella.
Muiden ilmeisten haasteiden ja riskien ohella arktisen laivaliikenteen määrän kasvuun liit-tyy laivaliikenteestä aiheutuvien päästöjen lisääntyminen. Lisääntyneillä päästöillä voi olla huomattavia ja ennakoimattomia haittavaikutuksia erityisen herkälle arktiselle ympäristölle.
Päästölajeista etenkin mustalla hiilellä oletetaan olevan ilmastollista merkitystä arktisessa kontekstissa. Musta hiili absorboi auringon säteilyä hyvin tehokkaasti, ja kerrostuessaan lumi- ja jääpeitteen päälle se voi muuttaa arktisen alueen säteilytasapainoa huomattavasti.
Lisääntynyt arktinen laivaliikenne aiheuttaa musta hiili -päästöjä, joiden ilmastovaikutusta tässä raportissa pyritään arvioimaan.
Asiasanat Arktinen merenkulku, Arktinen ilmastonmuutos, Laivaliikenteen päästöt, Musta hiili Rahoittaja/
toimeksiantaja
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1796-1726 978-952-11-4408-0
Sivuja Kieli
105 Englanti
Luottamuksellisuus Julkinen
Julkaisun jakelu Suomen ympäristökeskus (SYKE), neuvonta PL 140, 00251, Helsinki
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104 Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 41/2014
PRESENTATIONSBLAD
Utgivare Finlands miljöcentral Datum
12/2014
Författare Vesa Vihanninjoki
Publikationens titel Arctic Shipping Emissions in the Changing Climate
Publikationsserie
och nummer Finlands miljöcentrals rapporter 41/2014 Publikationens tema
Publikationens delar/
andra publikationer inom samma projekt
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Sammandrag På grund av den arktiska klimatförändringen och den relaterade minskning av arktiska havsisen, ska de allmänna villkoren för arktiska sjöfarten förändras. Reträtt av den arktiska havsisen öppnar nya vägar för sjötransporter, både trans-arktiska passager och nya alterna-tiv inom den arktiska regionen. För den skull mängden arktiska sjöfarten antas öka.
Trots den observerade utvecklingen, kommer förhållandena i den arktiska regionen förbli utmanande. Särskild uppmärksamhet kommer att krävas även i framtiden när det gäller den lämpligheten av besättningen, flottan och annorlunda infrastruktur.
Utöver andra uppenbara utmaningar och risker kommer ökningen i arktiska sjöfarten leda till en ökad mängd utsläpp. De ökade utsläpp kan ha betydande och oförutsägbara inverkan på den särskilt ömtåliga arktiska miljön.
Bland olika sorter av utsläpps, antas speciellt black carbon ha klimatisk betydelse i den arktiska sammanhang. Black carbon absorberar solstrålning mycket effektivt, och när avla-gras på snö eller havsisen kan det betydligt ändra strålningsbalansen i den arktiska region-en. Den ökade arktiska sjöfarten producerar utsläpp av black carbon, vars klimateffekter examineras i denna rapport.
Nyckelord Arktisk sjöfarten, Arktisk klimatförändring, Fartygutsläpp, Black carbon Finansiär/
Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 41/2014 105
DOCUMENTATION PAGE
Publisher Finnish Environment Institute Date
12/2014
Author(s) Vesa Vihanninjoki
Title of publication Arctic Shipping Emissions in the Changing Climate
Publication series
and number Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 41/2014 Theme of publication
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other project publications
The publication is available in the internet: www.syke.fi/publications | helda.helsinki.fi/syke
Abstract Due to the Arctic climate change and the related diminishing of Arctic sea ice cover, the general conditions for Arctic shipping are changing. The retreat of Arctic sea ice opens up new routes for maritime transportation, both trans-Arctic passages and new alternatives within the Arctic region. Hence the amount of Arctic shipping is presumed to increase.
Despite the observed development, the sailing conditions in the Arctic waters will remain challenging. Thus particular attention will be required also in the future with regard to crew, fleet and other infrastructural issues.
In addition to other apparent challenges and risks, the increase in Arctic shipping will lead to an increased amount of emissions. The increased emissions may have considerable and unpredictable influences to the particularly sensitive Arctic environment.
With regard to emission species, especially black carbon is presumed to have climatic
With regard to emission species, especially black carbon is presumed to have climatic