The present study emphasises the role of childhood and adolescence resources as related to entrance into the labour market and related subjective well-being in young adulthood, as well as the development of dispositional optimism and meaning of work. However, current employment status also plays a crucial role in the development of these individual resources. These results suggest that success and failure in entering the labour market is structured by unequal access to life-course resources and moderated by the person’s educational and occupational biography. In line with the causal model of social determinants of health (e.g. Marmot, 1999), the differences in well-being and health behaviour found in this study seem to manifest themselves via differences in social resources. These social factors, e.g. related to employment, in turn lead to differences in psychological resources, which are the crucial link be-tween social context, well-being and health behaviour. These generalized interpretations are illustrated in more detail in Figure 4.
Figure 5 presents more detailed findings of childhood and ado-lescence factors on psychological resources at 31 years of age. Early life factors, even before the child’s birth, have persistent effects on
later entrance into the labour market and psychological resources in the transition period, and are consistent with the life-span develop-mental approach. Also socialization into the social roles and norms that are expected at certain ages (developmental tasks) seems to ap-ply to the findings obtained here. It seems plausible that unfortunate events in the early mother-child interaction, such as having been born unwanted, later maladjustment in the school role in terms of scho-lastic attainment, and later unsuccessful entrance into work life are all associated with the development of e.g. dispositional optimism.
The predictors of avoidant coping studied here, i.e. stress-related eating and drinking, was also social in nature. This specific way of coping was nevertheless studied in a somewhat different conceptual context than the other two resources, the primary aim having been to investigate its as-sociation with current unhealthy eating behaviour and alcohol use. Apart from social factors, its antecedents included maternal and own body mass index, because of its presumably close association with obesity.
Biological determinants, such as the mother’s BMI or the subjects’ own birth weight, did not predict stress-induced eating and drinking, whereas
Figure 4. Summary of the findings.
social determinants such as vocational education and work history did, as well as personal social support. Research is being presently done on coping strategies from a more psychological developmental point of view, focusing on the developmental predictors of different ways of coping.
Further research is also being done to clarify the moderating role of personal meaning of work in regard to the relationship between work strain and psychological distress and substance use, as well as in regard to work-related factors contributing to a high level of personal meaning of work. The results of this study strongly suggest, however, that psy-chological resources, such as ways of coping, dispositional optimism and personal meaning of work play a crucial role in linking environmental factors and well-being outcomes, including health behaviour.
Figure 5. Diagram of pre-employment factors affecting entrance to the labour market and psychological resources at age 31 years.
in social situations in childhood and adolescence, in facilitating a person's entrance into work life and affecting his or her future psychological re-sources. These results suggest that interventions aiming to reduce distress and inequalities in adult psychological resources need to be targeted at both childhood and adulthood social risk factors impeding entrance into work life. Social interventions are also recommended for supporting the development of psychological resources, such as dispositional optimism and ability to cope with stress.
In order to help children to socialize into work life, attention needs to be paid also to attitudinal factors. It would thus be beneficial to ensure that what children learn about the world of work and occupations helps them to believe that they can do things in work life that are meaningful.
Apart from family background, other social contexts in which the child grows probably have an important role as well. Scholastic attainment and academic achievements later on are especially important factors in the pathway to successful entrance into work life, as well as in the de-velopment of psychological resources. Thus, helping children who live in disadvantageous circumstances or who are underachievers at school is important also from the perspective of the labour market.
Gender differences at 31 years of age were found in psychosocial resources predicting unsuccessful entrance into the labour market, as well as in psychological resources, such as dispositional optimism and coping with stress. These results therefore imply that different types of interventions should be targeted at men and women. Young men might benefit from interventions aimed at improving the psychosocial resources they need in entering work life. Women, on the other hand,
would benefit from structural changes in work life that would, e.g., allow better opportunities to balance work and family life.
In order to promote positive health behaviour, it would be important to better understand the crucial role that psychological resources have in the enhancement of a healthy life-style.
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