This thesis examined the potential of plastic consumption on the African continent due to its increasing population and urbanization and its impact on waste management. The consumption of plastics is on the rise in Africa due to several factors such as population growth and that of the middle class which prefers packaged goods. More so, it is easy to be shaped into any form thereby enhancing the aesthetic of the packaged products. However, most waste generated in Africa especially plastic waste is disposed of indiscriminately. It is due to the ineffective waste management systems available in most developing economies. As a result, it poses a risk to both human and aquatic life since the plastic is dumped mostly in unregulated dumpsites and landfills. Also, Africa should have a change in orientation especially when it comes to plastic waste. It should rather be seen as a resource. If the plastic waste is considered as a resource, then it can be handled differently as it is done at the moment.
Although various initiatives are been utilized in Africa to minimize the impact of plastic waste on the environment, it is still not sufficient to tackle the menace it poses to human health and biodiversity since currently it is estimated there are more plastic in the sea more than fishes.
Furthermore, with the dependence of the population of Africa on plastic packaging more investment should be made in solid waste management infrastructure by companies that are into the production and utilization of plastic packaging in the form of a levy on their products to help in the efficient management of the waste. More so, companies that produce and utilizes plastic packaging should invest in recycling. Therefore, it would lead to the creation of more job opportunities for most people in Africa who are among the global poor due to lack of job opportunities. In effect, these would reduce the impact on the environment.
REFERENCE
Abota, C.A. 2012. Recycling of Plastics Waste in Ghana: A Way to Reduce Environmental
Problems/Pollutions. Bachelor’s Thesis, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Helsinki, Finland.
American Plastics Council. 1997. Understanding Plastic films: Its Uses, Benefits and Waste Management Options. [Online] American Plastics Council Publication, 1997. Retrieved from https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/Understanding-Plastic-Film/ [Accessed 1st January 2019].
Ampofo, S.K. n.d. The Options for the Effective Management of Plastic Waste in Ghana. [Online]
Retrieved in PDF-file:
http://fonghana.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/REPORT-ON-MANAGEMENT-OF-PLASTIC-WASTE-IN-GHANA-21-328-STASWAPA.pdf [Accessed 5th August 2018].
Banadda, E.N, Kansiime, F., Kigobe, M., Kizza, M. and Nhapi, I. 2009. Landuse-based nonpoint source pollution: a threat to water quality in Murchison Bay, Uganda. Water Policy, 11(S1), pp.94-105.
Bolaane, B. 2006. Constraints to promoting people centred approaches in recycling. Habitat International, 30(4), pp.731-740.
Brooks, A.L., Wang, S. and Jambeck, J.R. 2018. The Chinese import ban and its impact on global plastic waste trade. Science Advances, 4(6), p.eaat0131.
Bubegwa, S. 2012. An overview of solid waste management in the city of Dar es Salaam. Paper Presented at the East Africa Solid Waste Management and Gas to Energy Best Practices Workshop, Mauritius.
Buenrostro, O., Bocco, G. and Bernache, G. 2001. Urban solid waste generation and disposal in Mexico: a case study. Waste Management & Research, 19(2), pp.169-176.
Crawford, R.J. 1998. Plastics Engineering, 3rd Edition, St Edmundsbury Press Ltd. Bury St.
Edmunds, Suffolk.
Deloitte, 2014. The Deloitte Consumer Review: Africa 21st Century View. [Online] Deloitte Consumer Review Ninth Edition, London, 2014. Retrieved in PDF-file:
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ng/Documents/consumer-business/the-deloitte-consumer-review-africa-a-21st-century-view.pdf [Accessed 19th December 2018].
DEA. 2018. South Africa State of Waste. A report on the state of the environment. First draft report.
Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria.
DESA. 2017. World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables.
Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP/248.
Dubai Business Pages n.d. The Plastic Industry in Africa. [Online] Retrieved from http://dubai-business-pages.com/features/plastics.html [Accessed 15th March 2018].
EPA(U.S.). 2002. Solid waste management: a local challenge with global impacts. EPA530-F-02-026. Washington, D.C.: EPA. p.5.
EPA(U:S). 2018. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2015 Fact Sheet. [Online] United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Publication, Washington DC, July 2018. Retrieved in PDF-file:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-07/documents/2015_smm_msw_factsheet_07242018_fnl_508_002.pdf
European Bioplastics. 2016. Facts Sheet: Bioplastics-industry standards and labels. [Online]
European Bioplastic Publication, Berlin, November 2016. Retrieved in PDF-file:
https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/2016/publications/fs/EUBP_fs_standards.pdf [Accessed 30th August 2018].
European Bioplastics. 2017. What are Bioplastics: Material types, Terminology, and Labels- an Introduction. [Online] Berlin, December 2017. European Bioplastics Publication Available in PDF-file:https://docs.europeanbioplastics.org/publications/market_data/2017/Report_Bioplastics_Market _Data_2017.pdf [Accessed 30th August 2018].
European Bioplastics. 2018. What are Bioplastics: Material types, Terminology, and Labels- an Introduction. [Online] Berlin, July 2018. European Bioplastics Publication Available in PDF-file:
https://docs.europeanbioplastics.org/publications/fs/EuBP_FS_What_are_bioplastics.pdf [Accessed 30th August 2018].
European Commission. 2004. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC. Official Journal of the European Union, OJ L 338, p.4-17.
European Commission. 2018. EU Strategy for Plastics in the Circular Economy {SWD (2018) 16 final}. [Online]. Brussels, January 2018. European Commission Publication Available in PDF-file:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2df5d1d2-fac7-11e7-b8f5-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_1&format=PDF [Accessed 7th July 2018].
Fobil J. N. 2000. Municipal Solid Waste Characterization for Integrated Management in the Accra Metropolis, Master Thesis, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
Fobil, J.N. and Hogarh, J.N. 2006. The dilemmas of plastic wastes in a developing economy:
Proposals for a sustainable management approach for Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 10(1), doi:10.4314/wajae.v10i1.45716.
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. and Law, K. 2017. Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), p.e1700782.
Ghanaian Times. 2014. The Plastic Waste Business in Ghana, How far? [Online] Ghanaian Times, News 2014. Retrieved from www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/plastic-waste-business-ghana-far/
[Accessed 5th August 2018].
Ghanaweb. 2017. Recycling Plastic Waste Gathers Steam. [Online] Ghanaweb Business news, 27 November 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Recycling-plastic-waste-gathers-steam-604252#. [Accessed 5th August 2018].
Ghanaweb. 2018. MESTI out with policy to combat plastic waste pollution. [Online] Ghanaweb, 6 June 2017.Retrieved from https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/MESTI-out-with-policy-to-combat-plastic-waste-pollution-Prof-Frimpong-Boateng-658038# [Accessed 5th August 2018].
Ghansah, B., Mahunu, G.K., Ansah, E.K. and Benuwa B.B. 2015. Impact of PET Bottles Disposals and Management Mechanisms in Selected Urban Cities of Ghana, Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) 2 (6), pp.1289-1297.
Guilbert, S., Cuq, B. and Gontard, N. 1997. Recent innovations in edible and/or biodegradable packaging materials. Food Additives and Contaminants, 14(6-7), pp.741-751.
Han, J.H. 2005. Innovation in Food Packaging, Ed. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam.
Hinshaw, D. 2015. Ghana’s Growth Spurs Uncontrollable Trash. [Online] Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/ghanas-growth-spurs-uncontrollable-trash-1434928945 [Accessed 19th December 2018].
Hoornweg D, and Bhada-Tata, P. 2012. What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. In: Urban development series, knowledge papers.
ICIS. 2016. Market Outlook for Africa's polymer potential. [Online] ICIS Chemical Business Report, 21 July 2016. Retrieved from
https://www.icis.com/resources/news/2016/07/21/10018585/market-outlook-africa-s-polymer-potential/ [Accessed, 22 February 2018].
ITC. Polymer Market Data by Country for 2013-2017. In International Trade Center Market Analysis Tools. [web database]. Retrieved from
http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-info-tools/market-analysis-tools/ Service is free for Market Analysis Tools for Developing Countries [Accessed 11th September 2018].
Jamshidian, M., Tehrany, E., Imran, M., Jacquot, M. and Desobry, S. 2010. Poly-Lactic Acid:
Production, Applications, Nanocomposites, and Release Studies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(5), pp.552-571.
KCCA and IFC. 2013. Kampala SWM project. Draft technical & environmental diagnostic report.
Lyngby, Denmark: COWI.
KCCA. 2018. Waste Recycling in Kampala on the verge of takeoff. [Online] Kampala Capital City Authority Press Statement, Kampala, April 2018. Retrieved in
PDF-file:file:///C:/Users/HP/Documents/WASTE%20RECYCLING%20PRESS%20STATEMENT%20i n%20Uganda.pdf [Accessed 14th October 2018].
KCCA. n.d. [Online] Kampala Capital City Authority official website. Retrieved from http://www.kcca.go.ug/services.
Katusiimeh, M.W. 2011. Public and Private Provision of SWM in Kampala. Ph.D. Dissertation, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
KCCA. 2015. Strategic Plan 2015/15-2018/19. Laying the foundation For Kampala City Transformation. Kampala, Uganda.
Marsh, K. and Bugusu, B. 2007. Food Packaging?Roles, Materials, and Environmental Issues. Journal of Food Science, 72(3), pp.R39-R55.
Medina, M. 2000. Scavenger cooperatives in Asia and Latin America. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 31(1), pp.51-69.
Miezah, K., Obiri-Danso, K., Kádár, Z., Fei-Baffoe, B. and Mensah, M.Y. 2015. Municipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure towards effective waste management in Ghana. Waste Management, 46, pp.15-27.
MESTI. 2018. MESTI Embraces Innovative Use of Plastic Waste. Retrieved from http://mesti.gov.gh/mesti-embraces-innovative-use-plastic-waste/.
MLGRD. 2004, Sanitation Country Profile Ghana, MLGRD, Accra- Ghana.
MLGRD. 2009. National Report for Ghana Waste Management, Report presented at the 18th session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development.
ModernGhana. 2018. Manufacturing Companies Coalition Rolls Out Pilot to Give Second Life to Plastic. [Online] Modern Ghana General news, 6 April, 2018. Retrieved from
https://www.modernghana.com/news/846172/manufacturing-companies-coalition-rolls-out-pilot-to-give-se.html [Accessed 20th August 2018].
Mutanga, S.S., Pophiwa, N. and Simelane, T. 2013. Cities as green economy drivers: Making a case for green cities in South Africa, in S.S Mutanga, T. Simelane and N. Pophiws (eds), Africa in a changing global environment: Perspectives of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in Africa, Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa.
NEMA. 2000. State of the Environment Report for Uganda 1999/2000. National Environment Management Authority, Kampala, Uganda.
Nestle Ghana Limited. 2018. The Race to Beat Plastic Pollution: Playing an active role to safeguard the environment. [Online] Retrieved from https://www.nestle-cwa.com/en/stories/race-to-beat-plastic-pollution. [Accessed 20th August 2018].
Nova-institute. 2013. Bio-based Polymers in the World; Capacities, Production and Applications:
Status Quo and Trends towards 2020. [Online] Nova Institute GmbH Publication, Huerth, February 2013. Retrieved in PDF-file: http://www.bio-based.eu/market_study/media/files/15-05-13_Bio based_Polymers_and_Building_Blocks_in_the_World-nova_Booklet.pdf [Accessed 4th April 2018].
Nzeadibe, T. 2009. Solid waste reforms and informal recycling in Enugu urban area, Nigeria. Habitat International, 33(1), pp.93-99.
OAG. 2009. Annual report of the auditor general for the year ended 30th June 2009. Volume 5 value for money audit report. Kampala, Uganda.
Odegard, I., Nusselder, S., Lindgreen, E.R., Bergsma, G. and DeGraaff, L. 2017. Based Plastics in circular economy: Policy suggestions for biobased and biobased biodegradable plastics. [Online] CE Delft Publication, Delft, September 2017. Retrieved in PDF-file: https://www.kidv.nl/7526/biobased-plastics-in-a-circular-economy.pdf?ch=EN [Accessed 8th August 2018].
Ofosu-Okyere, A., Ellis, W.O. and Oldham, J.H. 1997. A review of some packaging material/Techniques used in Ghana. Journal of the University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, 17(3), October 1997.
Okot-Okumu, J. and Nyenje, R. 2011. Municipal solid waste management under decentralisation in Uganda. Habitat International, 35(4), pp.537-543.
Owusu-Sekyere, E., Osumanu, I.K. and Abdul- Kadri, Y. 2013. An Analysis of the Plastic Waste Collection and Wealth Linkages in Ghana. International Journal of Current Research 5(1), pp. 205-209.
Petersen, K., Væggemose Nielsen, P., Bertelsen, G., Lawther, M., Olsen, M.B., Nilsson, N.H. and Mortensen, G. 1999. Potential of biobased materials for food packaging. Trends in Food Science &
Technology, 10(2), pp.52-68.
Plasticinfo. 2017. Country Profile: Ghana; Plastic Exporter Development Programme-Africa Export strategy for South Africa Plastic Industry. [Online] Plasticinfo upload, December, 2016. Retrieved in PDF-file:http://www.plasticsinfo.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Country-Profile-Ghana-Dec-2016.pdf [Accessed 18th March 2018].
Plastics Europe. 2018. Plastics Europe: Plastics—the Facts 2017. [Online] Europe Plastic Publication Brussels,2018. Retrieved in PDF-file:
www.plasticseurope.org/application/files/5715/1717/4180/Plastics_the_facts_2017_FINAL_for_we bsite_one_page.pdf [Accessed 4th June 2018].
Plastics South Africa. 2018a. Our Footprint: An Annual Review. [Online] Plastics South Africa Upload, Guateng, April 2018.Retrieved from http://www.plasticsinfo.co.za/wp
content/uploads/2018/04/PlasticsSA-annual-report-20167-A5-email.pdf [Accessed 8th September 2018].
Plastics South Africa. 2018b. National Plastic Recycling Survey 2017. [Online] Plastics South Africa Upload, Guateng, June 2018.Retrieved in PDF-file:http://www.plasticsinfo.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Executive-summary-1.pdf [Accessed 8th September 2018].
Robertson, G.L. 2015. Trends in Food Packaging. Food Science and Technology (London), 29(3), pp. 12-15.
Sackitey, G. 2017. Local Plastic Manufacturers Threatened by Imports Want Government Intervention. [Online] 3News, 28 June 2017, Retrieved from http://3news.com/local-plastic-manufacturers-threatened-by-imports-want-govt-intervention/. [Accessed 27th September 2018].
Schweizer, F. and Annoh, C.K. 1996 Privatization of solid waste management in Ghana, Trialog, 48, pp.50-55.
Scott, G. and Wiles, D. M. 2001. Programmed-Life Plastics from Polyolefins: A New Look at Sustainability†. Biomacromolecules, 2(3), pp.615-622.
Segawa, N. 2018. Uganda’s Environment Laws are Slow, but Artist is Quick to Recycle Plastic Waste. [Online] Global Press Journal, 23 June, 2018. Retrieved from
https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/uganda/ugandas-environment-laws-slow-artist-quick-recycle-plastic-waste/ [Accessed 14th August 2018].
Sharholy, M., Ahmad, K., Mahmood, G. C. and Trivedi, R. 2008. Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities – A review. Waste Management, 28(2), pp.459-467.
Shen, L., Haufe, J.I. and Patel, M. 2009. Product Overview and Market Projection of Emerging Bio-Based Plastics-PRO-BIP 2009–Final Report.
Simelane, T., and Gumbo, T. 2015. Innovations in Municipal Solid Waste Management: Experiences from ethekwini Municipality, South Africa, in T. Simelane and R Mohee (eds), Future Directions of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa, Africa Institute of South Africa, South Africa, 202-217.
Simelane, T. and Mohee, R. 2012. Future Directions of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa, Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa.
Siracusa, V., Rocculi, P., Romani, S. and Rosa, M. D. 2008. Biodegradable polymers for food packaging: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 19(12), pp.634-643.
Song, J. H., Murphy, R. J., Narayan, R. and Davies, G. B. H. 2009. Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364(1526), pp.2127-2139.
Sorrentino, A., Gorrasi, G. and Vittoria, V. 2007. Potential perspectives of bio-nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 18(2), pp.84-95.
Sudesh, K. and Iwata, T. 2008. Sustainability of Biobased and Biodegradable Plastics. CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water, 36(5-6), pp.433-442.
The African Packaging Landscape n.d. A user guide. [Online] Retrieved from https://aizono associates.com/en/images/pdf/The%20African%20Packaging%20Landscape.pdf. [Accessed 14th October 2018].
Uganda Investment Authority. n.d. Packaging. [Online] Retrieved from http://www.ugandainvest.go.ug/priority-sectors/packaging/ [Accessed 14th October 2018].
UN Sustainable Development. 2017. Fast Growing Africa Youth Population. [Online] United Nations United Nations News Center, October 18, 2017. Retrieved from
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2017/10/with-fast-growing-youth-population-africa-boasts-enormous-market-potential-un-deputy-chief/ [Accessed 5th August 2018].
UNECA. 2017. Urbanisation and Industrialisation for Africa’s Transformation. [Online] Economic Commission for Africa Publication, Addis Ababa, 2017. Retrieved in PDF-file:
https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/web_en_era-2017_01.pdf [Accessed 7th March 2018].
UNEP. 2004. The Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy: Opportunities and Challenges. [Online] United Nations Publication, September 2004. Retrieved in PDF-file:
https://www.cbd.int/financial/doc/several-several-unep.pdf [Accessed 8th September 2018].
UNEP. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. [Online] United Nations Publication, November 2011. Retrieved in PDF-file:
https://www.cbd.int/financial/doc/green_economyreport2011.pdf [Accessed 8th September 2018].
UNEP. 2014. Green Economy: Fiscal Policy Scoping Study Ghana. [Online] United Nations Publication, 2014. Retrieved in PDF-file: http://www.un-page.org/files/public/ghana-fiscal-policy-study_-final.pdf [Accessed 8th September 2018].
Van Crevel, R.R. 2015. The flow of Plastic waste: An Evaluation of the Potential to Build Plastic Recycling Rates through the Informal Recycling Sector (IRS) in Kampala. Bachelor’s Thesis, Wageningen University, Amsterdam.
Vanderroost, M., Ragaert, P., Devlieghere, F. and De Meulenaer, B. 2014. Intelligent food packaging:
The next generation. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 39(1), pp.47-62.
Verghese, K., Lewis, H. and Fitzpatrick, L. 2012. Packaging for Sustainability (Editors), Springer-Verlag, London.
Weber, C.J. 2000. Biobased packaging materials for the food industry. status and perspectives. The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Denmark.
Wilson, D. and Velis, C. 2014. Cities and waste: Current and emerging issues. Waste Management
& Research, 32(9), pp.797-799.
Yam, K. L., Takhistov, P. T. and Miltz, J. 2005. Intelligent Packaging: Concepts and Applications. Journal of Food Science, 70(1), pp.R1-R10.
Yankson, P. W. K. 1998. The Urban Informal Economy Accommodation, Growth, Linkages, Health, and Environmental Impact. The Case of Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA). Ghana University Press, Accra.
Ying J. C. 2014. Bioplastics and their role in achieving global sustainability, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6 (1), pp.226-231.
Zepnik, S., Kesselring, A., Kopitzky, R. and Michels, C. 2010. Basics of cellulosics. Bioplastics Magazine, 1, pp.44–47.
APPENDICES
Plastic consumption data
The ITC Trade map which is based on UN Comtrade Database was used for the data of plastic products. This is due to the fact that the Database gives the most comprehensive data on international trade with regards to imports and exports of many commodities. The data is based on a Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding Systems (HS), which was implemented by the UN in 1988. The database provides an international nomenclature structure for international trade commodities.
Countries and regions can report data with regards with items traded based on the given code. More so, the trade values for this research work in terms of plastic value for the traded period from the Database is in Euro.
APPENDIX 1,1.
Ghana Plastic Products Exports Table Source: ITC Trade Map Database.
Code Product label
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings therefor, e.g.
joints, elbows, flanges, of plastics 5,235 8,022 38,677
3924
Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles, of plastics (excluding . . .
12,358 27,511 27,778
3923
Articles for the conveyance or packaging of goods, of plastics; stoppers, lids, caps and other . . .
9,265 7,132 18,646
3920 Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular
plastics, not reinforced, laminated, . . . 541 1,059 1,684
3926 Articles of plastics and articles of other materials
of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s. 61 426 1,542
3915 Waste, parings and scrap, of plastics 1,033 140 962
3918 Floor coverings of plastics, whether or not
self-adhesive, in rolls or in the form of tiles; . . . 30 24 957
3901 Polymers of ethylene, in primary forms 112 3,300 588
3902 Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in
primary forms 79 2 228
3925 Builders' ware of plastics, n.e.s. 309 303 215
3906 Acrylic polymers, in primary forms 66 167 157
3922
Baths, shower-baths, sinks, washbasins, bidets, lavatory pans, seats and covers, flushing cisterns . . .
30 36 103
3907
Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary forms; polycarbonates, alkyd resins, . . .
3919 Self-adhesive plates, sheets, film, foil, tape, strip
and other flat shapes, of plastics, whether . . . 1,106 20 6
3916
Monofilament of which any cross-sectional dimension > 1 mm, rods, sticks and profile shapes, . . .
17 12 4
3911
Petroleum resins, coumarone-indene resins, polyterpenes, polysulphides, polysulphones and other . . .
32 2
3912 Cellulose and its chemical derivatives, n.e.s., in
primary forms 54 0
3910 Silicones in primary forms 1 6 0
3908 Polyamides, in primary forms
3905 Polymers of vinyl acetate or of other vinyl esters,
in primary forms; other vinyl polymers, . . . 20
3913 Natural polymers, e.g. alginic acid, and modified
natural polymers, e.g. hardened proteins, . . . 1
APPENDIX 1,2.
APPENDIX 2,1.
Ghana Plastic Products Import Table, Source: ITC Trade Map Database.
Code Product label
Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary forms; polycarbonates, alkyd
Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet articles, of plastics (excluding . . .
14,637 16,682 18,894
3923
Articles for the conveyance or packaging of goods, of plastics; stoppers, lids, caps and other . . . reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly . . .
9,244 10,282 10,092
3918 Floor coverings of plastics, whether or not
self-adhesive, in rolls or in the form of tiles; . . . 12,541 12,869 9,927
3906 Acrylic polymers, in primary forms 2,560 5,401 5,777
3919
Self-adhesive plates, sheets, film, foil, tape, strip and other flat shapes, of plastics, whether . . .
3,121 4,356 3,784
3915 Waste, parings and scrap, of plastics 845 2,533 2,911
3905
Polymers of vinyl acetate or of other vinyl esters, in primary forms; other vinyl polymers, . . .
3912 Cellulose and its chemical derivatives, n.e.s., in
primary forms 718 1,025 1,101
3913
Natural polymers, e.g. alginic acid, and modified natural polymers, e.g. hardened proteins, . . .
297 529 420
3916
Monofilament of which any cross-sectional dimension > 1 mm, rods, sticks and profile shapes, . . .
237 567 259
3911
Petroleum resins, coumarone-indene resins, polyterpenes, polysulphides, polysulphones and other . . .
206 695 223
3910 Silicones in primary forms 182 142 180
3908 Polyamides, in primary forms 8 422 33
3914 Ion-exchangers based on polymers of heading
3901 to 3913, in primary forms 88 17 3
APPENDIX 2,2.
APPENDIX 3,1.
Uganda Plastic Export by Products, Source: ITC Trade Map Database.
Code Product label
3923 Articles for the conveyance or packaging of goods, of
plastics; stoppers, lids, caps and other . . . 7,446 10,485 11,427 4,124 5,322
3917 Tubes, pipes and hoses, and fittings therefor, e.g. joints,
elbows, flanges, of plastics 3,060 2,410 2,217 1,720 2,439
3924 Tableware, kitchenware, other household articles and toilet
articles, of plastics (excluding . . . 632 797 838 863 918
3902 Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in primary forms 61 71 105 241 705
3907 Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary
forms; polycarbonates, alkyd resins, . . . 556 617 611 365 546
3920 Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular plastics,
3920 Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular plastics,