The literature study of gas burners was implemented in this thesis. Furthermore, the analysis of the gas burners, boiler, and heat plants at large, implemented at SUE “TEK SPb” was discussed. Finally, the environmental impact related to the modernization of the heat plants in one of the districts of St. Petersburg, Russia, was calculated.
As a result of the modernization of the old heat plants, the reduction of environmental impact was noticed, first through reduced consumption of natural gas, and as a consequence through reduced emissions. By implementation of municipal programs on closure of local heat plants and step-wise transition towards centralized district heating, significant reduction of emissions was also observed. This reduction was achieved as a result of the use of modern technologies for gas incineration, as well as due to replacement of old boilers and by the use of energy-efficient equipment with high efficiencies and the use of automated systems. Analysis of the boilers showed that fire-tube boilers with automated burners are energy efficient and have high heat generating capacity.
Apart from environmental impact reduction, other improvements were achieved. When implementing modernization of heat plants, safe operating environment was planned as to avoid problems similar to those in old heating plants. The problems were due to dense equipment placement, which hindered their operation and repair. Also, old equipment was physically and morally worn out.
Calculation of environmental impact of the old heat plants, which were demolished and replaced with the new one showed possible reduction of the environmental impact. The calculations showed that the climate change impacts were significantly reduced by 21%, as well as the natural gas consumption. The reduction of the environmental impact across other studied impact categories, i.e. acidification, eutrophication and photochemical ozone formation potential, was increased. The largest reason to the increase was the calculation principle of the emissions, which was dictated by the methodology applied in Russia to report the emissions at hat plants. The methodology proposes to use a coefficient which only accounts for the increased fuel consumption in the new heat plan due to its increased capacity and omits the fact that more heat is being generated. It was concluded that the use
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of this methodology for comparative assessment of heating plants should be carefully considered since the calculation principles do not support comparative studies and are only applicable to attributional impact calculation. The results of the environmental impact assessment showed that the personal carbon footprint could be reduced by 4% due to modernization of heat plants, provided that the data used in the calculations could be applicable to the Russian conditions. The policy of “TEK SPb” should be focused on the use of more advanced boilers and burners to reduce the specific emissions of nitrogen oxides, and carbon mono- and dioxide by increased heat generation efficiency and the use
of automation.
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65 Appendix 1. Example calculation of emissions Emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO
The methodology “Determination of emissions of pollutants to atmosphere during incineration of fuels in boilers with installed capacity of less than 30 tons of steam per hour or less than 30 Gcal per hour” (NII Armosphera, 1999). The actual heat generation (QT) was calculated as:
[ ] (1)
Emissions of nitrogen oxides. Specific emissions of nitrogen oxides were calculated as follows:
√ [
] (2)
Coefficient accounting for the air temperature ( ) was calculated as follows:
=1+0.002‧(t-30)=1; (3)
where t – temperature of hot air (30 °C).
Coefficient accounting for the impact of excess air on formation of nitrogen oxides ( ) was set to 1 because the boiler operates according to the required conditions. In general: . Coefficient accounting for the impact of flue gases recirculation through burners ( ) was calculated as follows:
=0.16* =0 (4)
where r – degree of flue gases recirculation (0%).
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Coefficient accounting for the multi-stage supply of air to the burners ( ) was calculated as follows:
=0.022* δ=0 (5)
where δ – portion of air fed to the intermediate zone (0%).
Emissions of nitrogen oxides were calculated as follows:
[ ] (6)
[ ] (7)
[ ] (8)
Emissions of sulphur dioxide. Content of sulphur in natural gas (Sr) was zero, therefore calculations for the emission of sulphur dioxide were not implemented.
Emissions of carbon monoxide. Losses of heat due to chemically incomplete combustion of fuel (q3) were set to 0,2%. Coefficient accounting for incomplete combustion due to presence of incomplete combustion of carbon monoxide in flue gases (R) was set to 0,5. Specific emissions of carbon dioxide (CCO) were calculated as follows:
[ ] (9)
Heat losses due to mechanically incomplete combustion of fuel (q4) were set to 0%. The mass of carbon monoxide emitted ( ) was calculated as follows:
(
) [ ] (10) Emissions of CO2
Emissions of carbon dioxide were calculated using the default values of the IPCC report (IPCC, 2006).
The mass of carbon dioxide emitted was calculated as follows:
(11) where Q – mass of fuel combusted, m3/a;
NCV – net calorific value, MJ/m3;
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EF – emission factor, kg C/TJ (taken from (IPCC, 2006) for natural gas);
Sf – carbon storage factor, taken from (IPCC, 2006) for natural gas;
F – oxidation efficiency, taken from (IPCC, 2006) for natural gas.
Converting the value to specific emissions, we get 1,25 kg CO2/m3 natural gas, or 37 400 kg CO2/TJ.
Table 2.2 of Chapter 2 of (IPCC, 2006) states the specific emissions of carbon dioxide emitted during stationary combustion of fuels at 56 000 kg CO2/TJ as a default value including the range between 54 300 – 58 300 kg CO2/TJ. Those values are higher than the ones calculated using the formula above. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis should be performed on those values.