Brief discussion and summary of the results

in this question than German, which was fourth in the “How important…?” 

question. Thus, there are two different ways of importance present in these two  different results which can be seen reflected in the reasonings of the respective  languages; the growing number of Arabic-speakers in Finland mean its importance  within the country will grow. However, as the number of German speakers is not  increasing, at least not as significantly, its importance within Finland will stay  relatively low, but it still is regarded as more important language to know, perhaps  due to it being the language of a major trading partner of Finland. 

5 Conclusion   

In this final chapter we will discuss the findings of this study in relation to previous  research. We will also discuss the issues of validity and reliability of the survey, as  well as problems with the present study and suggestions for further research. 

5.1 Brief discussion and summary of the results   

The research questions for this study outlined the purpose of it to be to discover  what kind of attitudes Finns have towards certain languages and how these attitudes  differ regionally. Furthermore, other differences between different groups were also  under observation. To summarize some of the findings reported in the previous  chapter, English was regarded the most important language to know and the most  useful language among the participants. English also received noticeable support as  an official language with 40% of the participants being for the suggestion. Russian  was also regarded as an important language to know ranking third overall after  English and Finnish, but did not receive similar support as a potential official  language, even when the suggested hypothetical official status for Russian was  regionally limited and similarly restricted as is the current status of the Sami  languages. Russian was regarded as an interesting language but also as an ugly  language. Swedish was also among those languages that were thought to be 

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“most… language” question set, Swedish came up as the most boring language with  every fourth participant mentioning it in that particular question. Swedish also  ranked second in the most useless language question though with only 6,6% of the  overall mentions. The current status of Swedish as the second national language of  Finland received strong support from the participants, as about 65% answered Yes to  the particular question. The results for the language policy questions indicate that  the participants were in favour of sustaining the status quo in the Finnish language  legislation.  

To answer the second research question of this study, regional differences could be  observed in some of the questions. For example, the results of the “How important it  is to know language X” question revealed that certain regional preferences can be  noted when looking at Swedish and Russian languages. Swedish was surpassed by  German and Russian in mean value in Eastern Finland and also somewhat 

surprisingly Swedish was ranked lower than Russian in Western Finland. This, as  mentioned many times earlier, is very likely due to the bad representability of the  Swedish-speaking regions in Western Finland in our study. Swedish was ranked as a  more important language than Russian in Northern, Central and Southern Finland. 

A similar trend continued throughout the questionnaire concerning the Swedish  language, it getting less support from the participants from Eastern and Western  Finland than, for example, the participants from Southern Finland.  

Instead of the biggest regional difference regarding language attitudes towards  Swedish and Russian being between Western Finland and Eastern Finland, as we  had anticipated in our hypothesis, the differences were more scattered between all  the different areas. In the “How important…?” question, Swedish had its highest  ranking in Southern Finland and lowest in Eastern Finland, whereas Russian had its  highest rating in Eastern Finland and lowest in Central Finland. There were no major  regional differences in occurences of Swedish and Russian in the results for “The  most… language” questions, apart from the aforementioned finding that Swedish  was ranked the most boring language in all regions except Southern Finland, and  that in Western Finland Swedish was tied with Estonian as the most useless 

language. In the language policy questions, the largest percentage supporting  Russian as a potential official language of Finland was in Central Finland - an 

interesting contrast to participants from the area giving Russian its lowest ranking in  the “How important…” question - and the lowest in Northern Finland. The position  of Swedish as a national language got its highest percentage of support from 

Southern Finland and the lowest from Western Finland.  

Our results, however, indicate that regionality does not have such a major impact on  language attitudes as we expected it to have. This can be observed when answering  the final research question concerning the other observable differences between other  groupings, such as gender and educational background. If we look at the results  concerning Swedish language and divide the participant group by gender, a clear  difference in the way Swedish is viewed as can be seen. In the “How important…?” 

question Swedish had a mean value of 3,08 for men, whereas the mean value of  Swedish was considerably higher for women with 3,52. Swedish had much more  negative adjective pairings in the “Most… language” questions than positive overall,  but even so Swedish received more mentions from men percentually than from  women, for example in the “most boring language” question 21% of the female 

participants had answered Swedish, whereas the percentage was much bigger for the  male participants with 35% of them mentioning Swedish as the most boring 

language. The percentage of male participants choosing Swedish in questions of the  ugliest and the most useless languages were both more than twice as high as the  percentage of female participants choosing Swedish as answers for those questions. 

In the language policy question regarding the status of Swedish as a national  language of Finland, the female participants were much more clearly in favour of  keeping the status of Swedish. 

In general, the female participants demonstrated more positive attitudes towards  most languages than their male counterparts. In the results of the “How 

important…” question, only Russian and German were ranked more important by  the male participants and Estonian was considered equally important by both gender 

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participants. In the “Most… language” questions German in particular was regarded  more positively by male participants. Only in “The most useful language” was  German rated higher by the female participants, but it is only because only four  languages were mentioned in the answers from the male participants; English,  Finnish, German and Russian, last two with only one occurrence each. Meanwhile,  the answers by the female participants included 13 languages, 11 of which with more  than one occurence. As for why English and German were mostly viewed in more  positive light by the male participants, it can only be speculated.  

One of our hypotheses was that the participants with a background in higher  education would view languages in general more positively. In the “How 

important…” only Finnish was ranked higher by the participants from the lower  education group, and even that with a very small margin. However, in the “Most… 

language” questions the results between the education background groups were less  cohesive in what languages were viewed more positively by which group. The lower  educated participant group also demonstrated more united answers, with the 

languages holding first places in all of the “Most… language” questions having a  higher percentage than the corresponding numbers in the higher educated group. 

However, the answers from the higher educated group contained a more diverse  spectrum of languages. The results from the language policy questions showed that  the less educated participant group were more in favour of official positions for  Russian and English - although not to the extent where “Yes” answers would have  had a majority -, while the higher educated group had a clearer majority supporting  the national language status of Swedish. 

5.2 Relation to previous studies   

In a national survey on the position of English in Finland and the attitudes of the  Finnish people towards it by Leppänen et al. (2009), the participants were asked to  rank their personal opinions on the importance of English on a scale similar to the  one used in our study. In their study, almost 60% of the participants had considered  English to be “Quite important” or “Very important”, which were the two highest