2 Restrictions on lead in end products
5 Appendixes to the Case Study on Lead
5.3 Appendix III to the Case study on lead: Emission factors for the different lead containing products
End-product Product type Emission factor (Ef) Release media
Country Reference
Batteries 60 % lead Norway SFT 2004
7.7E-01 pounds / 1000 pounds of lead in batteries
Air United States EPA's Compilation of Air Emission Factors (AP-42) document
Cable sheathing 0.008 %/year (corrosion) Soil, water The
Netherlands
Tukker et al. 2001
Lead solder 0.008 %/year (corrosion) The
Netherlands
Tukker et al. 2001
Ammunition 1 %/year Soil Denmark,
Norway Jørgensen and Willems 1987
3.93 g/bullet (until 1993) Soil The Netherlands
Official limits for lead content
6.86 g/bullet (after 1993) Soil The Netherlands
Official limits for lead content
Federal facilities that have firing ranges
1.2 pounds lead air emissions / 2,000 pounds of bullets fired
Soil, air and water
United States EPA's Compilation of Air Emission Factors (AP-42) document Weights in fishing
gear
0.01 Water Norway Miljogifter i produkter
2002
1.8 g/inhabitant Water The
Netherlands
Expert judgement Wheel balance
weights Passenger cars
(loss of balance weights)
4.075 * 10-4 kg/tyre Soil Germany Hillenbrand et al. 2005
Passenger cars (corrosion of balance weights)
2.19 * 10-5 kg/vehicle/year Soil Germany Hillenbrand et al. 2005
Trucks (loss of balance weights)
5.243 * 10-4 kg/tyre Soil Germany Hillenbrand et al. 2005 Trucks (corrosion
of balance weights)
6.06 * 10-5 kg/vehicle/year Soil Germany Hillenbrand et al. 2005
Tyre wear Private cars 0.552 g/mill.km Air, water,
soil
Finland and Norway
Finnish and Norwegian Informative Inventory Reports under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008 Light duty
vehicles, vans 0.720 g/mill.km Air, water,
soil Finland and
Norway Finnish and Norwegian Informative Inventory
Resource Compendium Part IV: Releases from the Use of Products - Case Study on Lead
Reports under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008 Heavy duty
vehicles, busses and lorries
2.970 g/mill.km Air, water, soil
Finland and Norway
Finnish and Norwegian Informative Inventory Reports under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008 Motorcycles 0.276 g/mill.km Air, water,
soil
Finland and Norway
Finnish and Norwegian Informative Inventory Reports under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008 Passenger cars;
light duty vehicles; mopeds and motor cycles
9.4 mg/kg Air, water,
soil Sweden Swedish Informative
Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
Heavy duty vehicles (retread tyres)
9.5 mg/kg Air, water,
soil Sweden Swedish Informative
Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
Brake wear New private cars and vans
38.16 g/mill.km Air, soil Finland and Norway
Finnish and Norwegian Informative Inventory Reports under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008 Old private cars
and vans
38.02 g/mill.km Air, soil Finland and Norway
Finnish and Norwegian Informative Inventory Reports under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008 Heavy duty
vehicles 40.96 g/mill.km Air, soil Finland and
Norway Finnish and Norwegian Informative Inventory Reports under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008 Branded 13854 ppm, wt (years
1980-1998)
Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
12090 ppm, wt (year 1999) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
10327 ppm, wt (year 2000) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
8563 ppm, wt (year 2001) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
6800 ppm, wt (year 2002) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
5037 ppm, wt (year 2003) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
3273 ppm, wt (year 2004) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
1510 ppm, wt (from year
2005) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative
Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
Independent suppliers
11381 ppm, wt (years 1980-1998);
Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP
Resource Compendium Part IV: Releases from the Use of Products - Case Study on Lead
2008
9783 ppm, wt (year 1999) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
8185 ppm, wt (year 2000) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
6587 ppm, wt (year 2001) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
4989 ppm, wt (year 2002) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
3391 ppm, wt (year 2003) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
1793 ppm, wt (year 2004) Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
155 ppm, wt (from year 2005)
Air, soil Sweden Swedish Informative Inventory Report under the UNECE CLRTAP 2008
Terne plate 0.008 %/year (corrosion) The
Netherlands Tukker et al. 2001 Bronzes, steels and
aluminium alloys 0.008 %/year (corrosion) The
Netherlands Tukker et al. 2001 Bearings
Petrol Additives 0.7 g/l (beginning of 1980's) Air, water,
soil Finland LIPASTO (2009)
0.4 g/l (1980-1986?) Air, water, soil
Finland LIPASTO (2009) 0.15 g/l (from 1986) Air, water,
soil
Finland LIPASTO (2009) Propeller shaft
grease 1.6 kg/boat/year multiplied
by the amount of boats with greased sterntube gland and divided by the total amount of boats
Water The
Netherlands Van Hyfte and Callebaut 2007
Collector shoes 1 * 10-6 kg/kWh Soil (65 %),
water (5
%), air (20
%)
The Netherlands
Van Hyfte and Callebaut 2007
Other weights 0.135 kg/m2 (mean value of
2-25 mg/cm2) multiplied by number of days the product is in water and divided by 365
Water Thornton et al. 2001
Lead sheets Houses 5 g/m2/year; Water, Soil The
Netherlands
Special study and international literature; in Tukker et al. 2001 and Thornton et al. 2001 0.008 %/year
(0.006 %/year to soil) Soil, water The
Netherlands Tukker et al. 2001 Based on building types Water Belgia Engelen et al. 2006
flashings 0.88 g/m2/year Soil, water EU15 Wilson 2003
Resource Compendium Part IV: Releases from the Use of Products - Case Study on Lead
Lead pipes 1014 mg/capita (year 1990)
multiplied by share of the houses containing lead pipes (%) and divided by 15
Water The
Netherlands In Tukker et al. 2001
Based on building types Water Belgium Engelen et al. 2006 Pigments and
paints Pigment 2 % Air Japan Japan Paint
Manufacturers Association
Traffic paint 18 % Air Japan Japan Paint
Manufacturers Association
Resource Compendium Part IV: Releases from the Use of Products - Case Study on NPs and NPEs