Analysis of Sack’s Tendency of Human Territoriality

Some of the tendencies are combined in exploring the relationship in a social context.

• Tendencies Numbers 1 and 3 illustrate individual territoriality (the human-ecological system) that would need or use a micro or macro territoriality (social-ecological system). Territoriality “… offers an efficient means of classifying and protecting oneself without disclosing what is being protected”.

It describes that immigrants who have a weak sense of self would be less willing to interact with others, especially it is difficult for them to be integrated into a new social-ecological system. Conversely, for one who has a strong sense of self, his/her territoriality would help protect human ecology without disclosing what it is that needs protecting.

• Tendencies Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 illustrate social territoriality used by the bureaucracy for impersonality. The argument is that social territoriality would be visible by demonstrating bureaucratic power, and the territoriality of immigrants disguises them by classifying their influences and control over actions and interactions towards social ecology. This combination can create psychological ownership allegiance among immigrants to their territory, which appears as a source of social territoriality in the end.

• Tendency No. 3 explores that the hierarchical circumscription of knowledge and responsibility among different immigrant groups demands efficient and differential effective supervision for each group. Tendencies Nos.7 and 9 explore the opportunity to combine an immigrant’s human ecology and social ecology, which can control, affect and influence new science and technological development in the modern society. For instance, immigrants can be a new consumer society that can change the sets of spatial configurations, which would be different from the existing or past one, e.g. new and innovative business ideas for the territory, according to the territorial characteristics.

• Tendency No. 8 can better explain the Arctic geographical impact on the integration of immigrants. The “molding” concept combines the geographic actions over Arctic characteristics (e.g. demographic decline, exploration, and the exploitation of Arctic resources) at various scales. Both the long and short-range planning responsibilities of social organisations (from the social-ecological system) implement the opportunity to obfuscate the geographic impact of an event. The Arctic as a geographic area does not have a clear view on effective ways to integrate immigrants, although the initiation of integration action is considered in the context of larger territory e.g., larger cities in the Arctic (Heikkilä & Järvinen 2003). However, the implementation of this action could be left to the smaller territories such as the smaller cities

located in the Arctic (Pressman & Wildavsky 1973; Vernez 1980). These two models of action could be national integration policies.

• Tendencies Nos. 1 and 3 will diminish organisational effectiveness related to integrational mismatch but the unequally shared knowledge of both immigrants and locals can rectify the problems that may possibly collapse the existing bureaucracy, which entrenches and increases the new and innovative role of bureaucracy.

• Tendencies Nos. 5, 6, and 10 can lessen social-ecological conflict by taking attention away from the conflict zone. The attention will focus on the Arctic crisis and conflicts between city versus city, city versus suburbs rather than the social-economic relationship or status of immigrants or locals.

• Practising tendency No. 3 facilitates the establishment of the differential methods of integration, which become institutionalised in rank, privilege and class.

• Tendencies Nos. 1, 3, 5 and 8, in conjunction with Concepts no. 7 and 9, point to the alternation process and opportunities of integration in a specific territory, and they suggest a contingent nature of the location/territory that can establish a new conception of territorial integration.

• According to Tendency 8, the characteristic Arctic “mold” changes the general means of dividing and conquering and makes the social-ecological system more embedded and indispensable for the co-ordination of the parts. In this context, all ten tendencies can be used to reorganise the concept of integration and create sustainable integration process for the Arctic.

As a summary of Sack’s territoriality tendencies and combinations with situations, the geography of territoriality (Raffestin 1977) has a value with respect to differing approaches, power and socio-capital relations (Klauser 2011). From a local perspective, communities in North are marginalised, although not yet completely omitted, from other parts of the world. Given the recent focus on European immigration, this is the perfect time to focus on the role of immigrants in reshaping northern society, a space in which rational individuals and nuclear families may belong to different religions and communities (Yeasmin 2017). The territorial re-arrangement of particular geographical spaces highlights such issues as social embeddedness and the relationships of individuals and communities to exteriority and alterity (Raffestin 1977, 130; 1980, 146). The development of a particular space with respect to territoriality entails paying close attention to the socio-spatial power relations that can shape everyday life (Murphy 2012).

The development of Lapland as an Arctic territory likewise paying entails close attention to the capital of immigrants and their skill sets (Yeasmin 2017).

Normative presence in a territory emphasises that the presence of a certain

& Pikkarainen 2009). Arctic immigration has barely been studied as to understanding global migration governance in regional level, the challenges of migration governance to establish a greater coherence across the arctic region.

Paradoxically, global migration governance can offer new forces and tools to support territorial integration to some extent. It has the potential to empower new regional actors and adopt new governance strategies in the Arctic to support integration process so that Arctic will achieve net positive benefits from immigration by developing human capital. Special attention has been given to comprehensive governance strategies for accelerating the economic integration of immigrants since good governance reinforces economic integration that underpins the relative resilience of the emerging economy in the global north.

However, the findings of this study show that the sense of territoriality varies among immigrant communities. The sense of attachment towards the host territory, political-economic and cultural geography are very much a psychological-spatial behaviour depending on imparted knowledge, resilience and adaptation power of individual and social environments. A successful integration attempt of either an immigrant or a group of immigrants requires influence or control over the relationship and interactions between host people and phenomena, which are the main constraint of immigrants over a territoriality.

As discussed in Sack’s tendencies, immigrants who are in the minority in the host community feel that they are in a weak position. Social sustainability includes individual or group relationships between social institutions, organisations that encompass a larger societal fabric. This fabrication includes connectivity with neighbourhood and physical participation in territorial activities.

A viable economic condition and subjective well-being are needed for an active lifestyle, and good territorial planning may encourage or discourage the physical participation of immigrants. This territorial planning factor very much depends on the authoritative decision of regional and national governments, their policies and institutional norms. Building an equitable and sustainable ecosystem includes restructuring rules and values depending on the situation.

The acculturation of immigrants into a host territory is related to subjective well-being, psychological growth, and sustainable behaviour within a territory or neighbourhood. A positive environment is an unbound source of resources fulfilling human needs, the emergence of self-efficacy and supports the integration of immigrants.