Analysis method for compensated system equipped with distributed coils . 22

In above sections it have been demonstrated that the assumptions of conventional earth fault analysis cannot be used in system consisting of long cable feeders. In addition to the series resistances of long feeders the increased amount of resistive losses in distributed coils and in zero point transformers causes inaccuracy to conventional analysis. Gunilla Brännman has developed a method in which the resistance of distributed coils and the zero sequence impedance of transformer are taken into consideration. The model is de-veloped based on symmetrical components and is explained more detail in publication

“Analysmodell för Impedansjordat System med Lokal Kompensering”. In this section the basics of the modeling method are presented. [14]

In conventional earth fault analysis only the shunt capacitances and shunt reactance of zero sequence network are taken into consideration. In this modeling method only imped-ances which have smaller effect than 1 % into total impedance are neglected. The positive sequence impedance is the impedance of network that participates the short circuit in the system. Negative sequence impedance is usually equal to positive sequence impedance in case of lines and transformers. Zero sequence impedance depends mainly on the earth-ing of the system. In order to present the idea of the method the sequence networks are created for system consisting of two feeders A and B. There is a centralized compensation coil in the neutral point of primary transformer and two distributed coils are placed in feeder B. Dyn coupled transformer in feeder A is a normal distribution transformer. The system is presented in Figure 14.

Figure 14. System consisting of two feeders. Earth fault occurs in feeder A. [14]

In case of a single phase earth fault on feeder A the equivalent positive and negative sequence impedances look like one presented in Figure 15. The positive sequence re-sistance of primary transformer and feeder B is in this case neglected. Every line sections are modelled with pi-section consisting of shunt capacitances and series impedance.

Figure 15. The equivalent circuit of positive and negative sequence networks in case of a single phase earth fault in feeder A [14]

In Figure 15 Xnät is the impedance of supply point, XT1 is the positive sequence impedance of primary substation, X^ca is the positive sequence capacitive reactance of feeder B, X^c is the positive sequence capacitive reactance of feeder A, R^l is the positive sequence re-sistance of feeder A, X^l is the positive sequence reactance of feeder A.

The zero sequence impedance of the system can be calculated from equivalent circuit presented in Figure 16.

Figure 16. The equivalent circuit of zero sequence network in case of a single phase earth fault in feeder A [14]

In Figure 16 Xⁿ is the reactance in the neutral point, Rⁿ is the resistance in the neutral point, X0T1 is the zero sequence reactance of primary transformer or zero point trans-former, Z^0a is the total zero sequence impedance of feeder B, X^0c is the zero sequence capacitive reactance of feeder A, R^0l is the zero sequence resistance of feeder A, X^0l is the zero sequence inductive reactance of feeder A.

The total zero sequence impedance of feeder B consists of modules, including locally compensated line sections and distributed coils, and pi-sections of lines that are not lo-cally compensated. The impedance of feeder B is presented in Figure 17.

Figure 17. The equivalent circuit for the zero sequence impedance of feeder B.

Corresponds Z^0a in Figure 16 [14]

In Figure 17 X0ca is the zero sequence capacitive reactance of feeder B before the first cable/distributed coil –module, R^0la is the zero sequence resistance and X^0la is the zero sequence inductive reactance respectively. Z^u is the zero sequence impedance of ca-ble/distributed coil –module which is presented more detail in Figure 18.

Figure 18. The equivalent circuit of the zero sequence impedance of the module con-sisting of distributed compensation coil and locally compensated line sections. Circuit corresponds Z^u in Figure 17 [14]

In Figure 18 X^0ckabel is the zero sequence capacitive reactance of cable in cable-coil mod-ule, X^0T2 is the zero sequence inductive reactance of zero point transformer, R^0T2 is the zero sequence resistance of zero point transformer, X^nu is the zero sequence inductive reactance of distributed arc suppression coil and R^nu is the zero sequence resistance of distributed arc suppression coil. As can be seen in Figure 18 the series impedance of the locally compensated line section is neglected.

In systems that consists of multiple distributed arc suppression coils in the feeder, the total impedance of cable-coil modules is the inductance of parallel connection of those modules. In case the arc suppression coils are similar to each other the total impedance of n modules is Z^u/n.

Based on the theory of sequence network modeling, the voltage over the zero sequence impedance seen from fault place is calculated with equation (20) and the sum of phase currents in fault place is calculated with equation (21). In the equation positive and neg-ative sequence impedances are assumed to be equal, 𝐸₁ is assumed to be equal to phase voltage 𝑈_𝑝ℎ and the fault impedance is assumed to be purely resistive.

𝑈₀ = 𝑈_𝑝ℎ𝑍₀

2𝑍₁ + 𝑍₀+ 3𝑅_𝑓 (20)

3𝐼₀ = √3𝑈

2𝑍₁+ 𝑍₀ + 3𝑅_𝑓 (21)

Because the series impedances and shunt admittances of zero sequence impedance are not neglected, the displacement voltage seen by a protection relay is not equal to 𝑈₀ cal-culated in equation (20) and the sum current measured by relay is not equal to current calculated with equation (21). This issue can be seen in Figure 19. The U^0mät and 3I^0mät are the quantities measured by the relay.

Figure 19. The equivalent circuit of zero sequence network [14]

The sum current measured by the relay can be calculated with equation (22) and the dis-placement voltage measured by the relay can be calculated with equation (23).

3𝐼_{0 𝑚ä𝑡} = 𝐼₁₃ −2𝑋_0𝑐∙ 𝑖

−2𝑋_0𝑐∙ 𝑖 + 𝑍_𝑛𝑎 (22)

𝑈_{0 𝑚ä𝑡} = 𝑈₀ 𝑍1_𝑛𝑎 + 1

−2𝑋_0𝑐∙ 𝑖 + 𝑍^𝑛𝑎

(23)

In which

𝐼₁₃ = 3𝐼₀ −2𝑋_0𝑐∙ 𝑖

−2𝑋_0𝑐∙ 𝑖 + 𝑍₀₂

𝑍₀₂ = 1 𝑍1_𝑛𝑎 + 1

−2𝑋_0𝑐∙ 𝑖

+ 𝑅_0𝑙+ 𝑋_0𝑙∙ 𝑖

𝑍_𝑛𝑎 = 1 𝑍1_𝑛+ 1

𝑍_0𝑎

In the above equations 𝑍_𝑛 is the total impedance consisting of impedance of centralized coil and the zero sequence impedance of transformer.

This method is more accurate way to model the earth fault behavior of system consisting distributed compensation coils and long cables. The effect of coil size, resistive losses and the series impedances of lines are now taken into consideration. It is however hard to accurately define the zero sequence parameters of lines and devices, which makes it hard to model the behavior of the systems accurately. [14]

3. REACTIVE POWER CONTROL