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Figure legends:
797 798
Figure 1. Characterization of the study The geographical sites. Geographical location A), soil N2O 799
fluxes B), soil NO3
content C), and abundance of archaeal amoA genes D). Mean (N = 3) ± 800
standard error is shown. Significant differences in Student’s two-tailed t-test between bare and 801
vegetated surfaces are shown (# P < 0.10, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001). T-values, 802
degrees of freedom and Ns of each comparison are shown in Tables S2-S4.
803 804 805
Figure 2. Diversity and absolute abundance of AOA clades in bare and vegetated peat surface soils.
806
Phylogenetic placement and relative abundance of the dominant AOA clades in bare and vegetated 807
surfaces based on amoA genes A). Absolute abundance of the dominant AOA clades in bare and 808
vegetated surfaces based on amoA genes, calculated by multiplying their relative abundance by total 809
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AOA abundance measured by qPCR of amoA genes (Fig. 1 D) B). Fold-difference between AOA 810
clades NS-gamma (NS-γ) and NS-zeta (NS-ζ) C). Mean ± standard error is shown. Significant 811
differences in Student’s t-test between AOA clades at each study sites are indicated by asterisks (*
812
P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). T-values, degrees of freedom and N of each comparison are shown in Table 813
S5. AOA clades below detection are indicated by the symbol #.
814 815 816
Figure. 3. Gross nitrification rates in Seida bare peat soil after 30 days of incubation experiments at 817
+13°C with nitrification inhibitors carboxy-PTIO (inhibiting AOA) and ATU (inhibiting 818
betaproteobacterial AOB and comammox Nitrospira) A). Mean (N = 3) ± standard error is shown.
819
Significant differences in Student’s two-tailed t-test between control and treatment are shown with 820
letters (P < 0.01). Transcription of amoA genes after the 30 days incubation B). Mean (N = 3) ± 821
standard error is shown. Significant differences in Student’s two-tailed t-test between control and 822
treatment are indicated by letters (P < 0.05). Levels of significance are indicated by asterisks (* P <
823
0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001). T- values, and degrees of freedom of each comparison are shown 824
in Table S7.
825 826 827
Table 1. Comparison between daily mean N2O emissions from bare and vegetated 828
arctic peat surfaces in this study and emissions measured in previous studies from 829
similar bare and vegetated arctic peat soils.
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Table 1. Comparison of daily mean N2O fluxes (µg N2O m-2 h-1) from bare and vegetated surfaces in this study to fluxes in previous studies on bare and vegetated arctic peat sites.
Landform type Site: Measurement period n Duration (d) Mean SE Reference:
Bare peat plateau Seida, Vorkuta, Russia August 2011 3 1 29.52 17.86 This study
Vegetated peat plateau Seida, Vorkuta, Russia August 2011 3 1 2.10 1.80 This study
Bare palsas Kevo, Finland June 2016 3 1 5.90 2.22 This study
Bare palsas Taymyr, Russia August 2011 3 1 42.20 16.64 This study
Vegetated palsas Kevo, Finland June 2016 3 1 -1.54 0.43 This study
Vegetated palsas Taymyr, Russia August 2011 3 1 6.93 5.10 This study
Bare peat plateau Seida, Vorkuta, Russia June-September 2012 (Snow-free period) 5 118 6.67 1.67 Voigt, et al., 201711 Bare peat plateau Seida, Vorkuta, Russia June-September 2013 (Snow-free period) 5 118 31.25 7.92 Voigt, et al., 201711 Vegetated peat plateau Seida, Vorkuta, Russia June-September 2012 (Snow-free period) 5 118 0.00 0.42 Voigt, et al., 201711 Vegetated peat plateau Seida, Vorkuta, Russia June-September 2013 (Snow-free period) 5 118 0.83 0.42 Voigt, et al., 201711
Bare palsas Kevo, Finland August 2009 21 1 108.33 3.90 Marushchak, et al. 201110
Vegetated palsas Kevo, Finland August 2009 6 1 8.33 0.00 Marushchak, et al. 201110
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0.1
Ca. N. arcticus Kfb
(KX863714)Ca. N. oleophilus MY3
(CP012850)NS- ζ _OTU4
(KF179420)NS- α
(Nitrososphaera)