Evidentiality and related categories
in four non-Slavonic languages of the Russian Federation:
Bashkir, Even, Lezgi and Tatar
Teija Greed
Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki, in Auditorium XII (Main Building),
on the 2nd of March, 2019, at 12 o’clock.
ʹͲͳͻ
Articles 1 and 4 of Part II have been included in the paperback version with permission from their respective publishers, and Articles 2 and 3 have been published in open access journals.
ISBN 978-951-51-4883-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-951-51-4884-1 (PDF) Printed by Unigrafia
Helsinki 2019
Abstract
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Acknowledgements
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ǤǤǤǤThe Grammar of Knowledge ȋƬʹͲͳͶȌǡ Ǥ
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Contents
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
PART I: Introductory Article
ͳǤǡǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ͳ ʹǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͷ ʹǤͳǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͷ ʹǤʹǤǣǤǤǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ
͵Ǥ
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͳʹ
͵ǤͳǤǦ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ͳ͵
͵ǤʹǤǡǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳͶ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥǡ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͳͷ
͵ǤͶǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͳͻ
͵ǤͷǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͳͻ
͵ǤǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ʹͲ ͶǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ʹͳ ͷǤ ǡǡǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ʹ
Ǥ ǡǡ
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ʹͺ
ǤͳǤǦ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ʹͻ
ǤʹǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͵ͷ
Ǥ͵Ǥǡ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ͵
Ǥ͵ǤͳǤtipǡǦ ǡ ǥǤǤǤ ͵ͺ
Ǥ͵ǤʹǤtipǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͶͲ
Ǥ͵Ǥ͵Ǥ tip ǥǤ Ͷͳ
Ǥ͵ǤͶǤ Ǧ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ Ͷʹ
ǤͶǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ Ͷͷ
ǤͷǤǡǡǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ Ͷͺ
ǤͷǤͳǤ Ǧ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ Ͷͻ
ǤͷǤʹǤ Ǧ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ ͷͲ
ǤǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ͷ͵
ǤǤͳǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ͷͶ
ǤǤʹǤ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ ͷͷ
ǤǤ
ǡǡǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤǤ ͷͺ
Ǥ ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥ Ͳ
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤǤ ʹ
ǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǥǤ Ͷ
PART II: Articles
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Ͷǣ ǣ
PART I:
Introductory Article
ͳ
1. Goal, methods and data of the thesis
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ͳǤ ǡ ʹͲͳͶ ȋʹͲͳȌǤ Ǥ ǣ ǡ
Ǥ Ƭ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ȋȌǤThe Grammar of KnowledgeǤ ǣ
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ʹǤ ǡ ʹͲͳǤ ǤLanguages of the Caucasus. ʹǤ
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͵Ǥ ǡ ʹͲͳͺǤ ǤStudia Orientalia Electronicaǡ ǡ ʹ͵ȂͷͷǤǣȀȀǤȀȀ ȀȀͻͺͷǤ
ͶǤǡʹͲͳͻȋȌǤ ǣ
ǤStudies in Language ͶʹǣͶǡͻʹ͵ȂͻǤǣȀȀǤǤ Ȁ ȀǤ
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Ǥͳȋ ǤͳȌǡͶ ȋ ǤͶȌͷȋ ǤȌǢʹȋ ǤͳȌǢ
͵ȋ ǤʹȌͶȋ Ǥ͵ȌǤǡ
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2. Background to evidentiality
2.1. Evidentiality and communication
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2.2. Evidentiality: history and different viewpoints
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ʹͲͳͺȌǤ médiativitéǡ
ȋ ±ͳͻͻǢ ±ƬʹͲͲȌǡ
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ͳǤǯȋʹͲͲͶǡʹͲͳͶȌ
Firsthand Non-firsthand
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Visual Sensory Inference Assumption Reported Quotative
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Direct evidence
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Personal evidence
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