View of Jenkka and Jatsi, two new red raspberry cultivars

Research

Note

Jenkka ^{and Jatsi, two new red} raspberry cultivars

PirjoDalman

AgriculturalResearch Centreof^Finland,Research StationforEcological Agriculture, FIN-50600Mikkeli, Finland

HeimoHiirsalmi,Tarja Hietaranta,Minna-Maria Linna

AgriculturalResearch Centreof^{Finland, Institute of}Horticulture, FIN-21500Piikkiö,Finland

The red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars Jenkka and Jatsi have been released from theberry breeding programme of theAgriculturalResearch Centre of Finland. Cv. Jenkkawas selected for its goodwinterhardinessand reliable yield,andcv.^{Jatsi for}itsgoodflavour,largefruit size andmoder- ate winterhardiness. Both cultivarsare suitable for the fresh andpick-your-own market.

Key words:breeding, flavour, fruitsize, Rubus, winterhardiness

Introduction

Breeding of Rubus species in Finland _was launched in 1939atthe Institute of Horticulture with hybridization between the red raspberry and arctic bramble(RubusarcticusL.).The aim_was todevelopaberry plant that would combine the aromaof the arctic bramble with the cultivation properties of the red raspberry. As aresult of the breeding work, two nectar raspberry varieties werereleased forcultivation; cv. Heija (‘Mailing Promise’ x^Merva) in 1975 (Hiirsalmi and Säkö 1976)andcv. Heisa (‘Mailing Promise’ x Mer- va)in 1981(Hiirsalmiand Säkö 1981).Thenec- tarraspberry cultivars havenot been grownon a large scale.

Since 1973,Finnish wild strains of red rasp- berry have been used as parents in breeding

owingtotheir winterhardiness and good flavour.

The foreign cultivars used for crossing have been

‘Boyne’, ‘Carnival’, ‘Comet’,‘GlenClova’,‘ln- dian Summer’, ‘MailingPromise’, ‘Muskoka’,

‘Ottawa’ and ‘Veten’. In 1988,acultivar select- ed from the progeny ofa crossbetween cv. Ot- tawaand_anatural strain originating from Mänt- sälä, southernFinland, was introduced_ontothe market under thenameVille(Hiirsalmi and^Lau- rinen 1990).The fruit of the cultivar is small and has afine _aromaresembling that of wild rasp- berry. Cv. Ville is mainly grown in home gar- dens.

The varieties currentlymostwidely cultivat- ed are cv. Ottawa (‘Viking’ x (Loganberry x

‘St.Regis’)) and cv.Muskoka (‘Newman 23’ x

‘Herbert’), both originating from Ontario, Can- ada(Blair 1950).As poor overwintering has been themostimportant factor limiting cultivation of

©Agricultural and Food ScienceinFinland ManuscriptreceivedFebruary 1997

Dalman, P.etai. Jenkka andJatsi,two newred raspberry cultivars the foreign raspberry varieties in Finland, the

major aim ofourbreeding programme has been to improve winterhardiness. Other important objectives have been to increase yield and to improve characteristics important for the fresh market such_asfruit ^size,flavour and firmness.

Origin and clone trials

Thenewcultivars wereselected fromamaterial of about 2000 seedlings crossed at the Institute of Horticulture in the 1970

s

and 1980

s.

Cv. Jenk- ka (tested as73120020) originates from a cross of (‘Mailing Promise’ x^Merva) x‘Ottawa’,and cv. Jatsi (tested as 73130021) from a cross of

‘Ottawa’ x (‘Mailing Promise’ x ^Merva) made in 1973. Cv. Mailing Promise is a crossof ‘New- burgh’ x (‘Pyne’s Royal’ x ‘Lloyd George’) in- troduced in the UK in 1944^(Grubb 1935, Jen- nings 1988). Merva is an individual of the

F,

generation obtained through free pollination from thecross between red raspberry and arctic bramble(Hiirsalmi and Säkö 1976).

The initial selection of seedlingswas made atthe Institute of Horticulture in Piikkiö(60°23’

N and 22°33’E). Clone trialswere then planted in spring 1988 atfour locations: Institute of Horticulture inPiikkiö,the Häme Research Sta- tion in Pälkäne(61°2o' N and 24° 13’E),the Re- search Station for Ecological Agriculture in Mikkeli (61°40’ N and 27°13’^E),and the North Ostrobothnia Research Station in Ruukki (64°4U N and 25°06’ E). In the trials, new selections were compared with cvs Muskoka, Heisa and Villeand, since 1990,cv.Ottawa.

Selectionswere propagated by^rootcuttings atPiikkiö. The plants of control cultivars were virus-free and micropropagated at the Laukaa Research and Elite Plant Station. Ten plants of each selection/cultivar were planted per plot without replicates. In planting, the distance be- tween plants was 50cm in rows, and the row width varied from 2.5 m to 5 m depending on the location.

Winterhardiness was estimated twice in springat2-week intervals. Both vigour and spine intensity_wereestimatedatthe beginning ofhar- vesting. The scale used for each of these proper- tieswasfrom 1 to9, with9 indicatingnowinter injury, highly vigorous plants and smooth col- oured basal _spots only. Cane height was meas- uredatthe end of growing seasons.

Berrieswerepicked twicea week,and those which were not marketable were separated.

These included very^soft, broken ormalformed berries, mouldyberries,and berries damaged by

the raspberry beetle (Byturus tomentosus (De- geer)). The weight of 100 berrieswas measured

when each plotwas picked for the second and fifthtime, and the fruit characteristics^- flavour, acidity and _aroma^- _were evaluated_{on a} scale from 1 to 9, where 9 indicated superiororout- standing properties. Coherence between druplets was determined by rolling the fruit between thumb and forefinger, and firmness by pressing the fruit slightly between thumb and forefinger.

The characteristics and yield recordswereeval- uated in 1990, 1991 and 1992, and the observa- tions required by the technical questionnaire (TG/43/6)of UPOV(Union Internationale pour la Protection des Obtentions Vegetales) were carried outin 1994.

Performance and description of cv. Jenkka

Cv. Jenkka overwinteredaswellas orbetter than the control cultivars. At the northernmost loca- tion, Ruukki, cv. Jenkka _was the most winter- hardy, although it was injured _to some extent every winter from 1989 to 1992. During that period the winterswere notexceptionally cold, the lowest temperaturemeasured _atRuukki be-

ing -29.3 °C.

At Piikkiö and Ruukki the yield ofcv.Jenk- ka was higher than that of cv. Muskoka; at

Table 1.Comparisonof redraspberry cultivars at four locations. Mean marketableyield in 1990, 1991and 1992 (kg/row^metre).Planting in spring 1988.

Cultivar Piikkiö Pälkäne Mikkeli Ruukki

Jenkka 1.9900.910 2.2800.890

Jatsi 1.8101.170 1.6600.410

Muskoka 1.1800.910 2.4500.270

Heisa 1.7902.350 1.6400.100

Ville 1.1301.400 1.6300.330

Pälkäne and Mikkeli the yields of both cultivars were similar(Table 1).At all locations, except Pälkäne _cv. Jenkka gave higher yields thancvs Ville and Heisa. The crop ofcv. Jenkka ripened later than that ofcvs Muskoka and Heisa but earlier than that ofcv. Ville. The first harvest date ofcv. Jenkka was2-3 days later than that ofcv. Muskoka.

The fruit ofcv. Jenkka was about the same sizeasthat ofcvsMuskoka and Heisa but smaller than that ofcv. Ottawa,and much heavier than that ofcv.Ville. Depending on the year and lo- cation, the fruit size ofcv. Jenkka ranged from

1.50 g to2.53 g, and that ofcv. Muskoka from

1.12

^{g to}2.57 g. The results of the flavour eval- uationsvaried,but the flavour ofcv.Jenkka was mostoften estimatedtobe similartothat ofcv.

Muskoka. The flavour ofcv.Ville was always ranked the best. In 1993, the vitamin C content was 37.16 mg/100 g in the fruit ofcv. Jenkka, 30.54 mg in that ofcv. Muskoka, and 18.41 mg in that ofcv.Ville.

The fruit ofcv. Jenkka wasmedium red and glossy. The firmness and coherency of berries were evaluated slightly higher than those ofcv.

Muskoka, and much higher than those of cv.

Ville. The fruit shape ofcv. Jenkka wasround (as long as broad), and the adherence to plug stronger than that of_cv.Muskoka. Fruiting lat- erals _were shorter in cv. Jenkka than in cvs Muskoka and Ottawa.

The_canes of_cv.Jenkka _werethin and flexi- ble like those ofcv. Muskoka. In^autumn 1990,

1991 and 1992, the cane height ofcv. Jenkka varied between 120 and 200cm,and that of_cv.

Muskoka between 95 and 195cm. The number of young shoots in cv.Jenkkawas ashighas in cv. Muskoka. The dormantcane colour of cv.

Jenkka_was greyish brown _tobrown, and there was a weak bloom in the full-grown shoots.

Spines were denser in the shoots ofcv. Jenkka than in cv.Muskoka. The colour of the spines varied from brownish purple ^topurple.

The leaves ofcv.Jenkka sometimes hadthree, sometimes five leaflets. The leaflets did not touch each other, and stalklets were very short.

Reliefbetween the leaf veinswasmedium. Flow- ers were of medium size,and anthocyanin col- oration of the pedicel wasof medium intensity.

In 1990 and 1991, the leaves ofcv. Jenkka were infested by powdery mildew (Sphaerothe- caalchemillae (Grev.j Junell), but the leaves of cv.Muskoka were symptomfree. The first case of raspberry bushy dwarf virus ^(RBDV) infec- tion was found in the experimental field at Mikkeli in spring 1989. In June 1995, when plants were tested for the last time, cvs Jenkka and Muskoka were negative butcvs Ville and Ottawa positive for the RBDV infection.

We recommendcv.Jenkka for production in regions where overwintering of the main culti- vars,Ottawa andMuskoka,is poor. Owing^toits better winterhardiness, cv. Jenkka has a higher average yield thancvsOttawa and^Muskoka,and cropping is_morereliable. The fruitsize,flavour and firmness ofcv. Jenkka _are similar to those of_cv. Muskoka. In addition, it resembles cv.

Muskoka in growth habit as there is _a large number of thin and flexible canes,which makes pruning and supporting laborious.

Dalman, P. etai. Jenkka andJatsi,twonewred raspberry cultivars

Performance and description of ^cv. jatsi

The fruit ofcv. Jatsi_was bigger than that of the control cultivars. Dependingon the year and lo- cation, the fruit weighed from 2.00 g to3.41 g.

The results of thetasteevaluationvaried,but the flavour ofcv.Jatsiwasmost often ranked better than that ofcvs Muskoka,Ottawa and Heisa. In 1993, the vitamin C contentwas 31.72 mg/100 g in the fruit ofcv. Jatsi^.

Overwintering ofcv.Jatsiwassimilartothat of the control cultivars atPälkäne andRuukki, but poorer than thatatPiikkiö and Mikkeli. The yield of_cv. Jatsi _was higher than that of cv.

Muskoka _atall locations _except Mikkeli (Table 1). In the northernmostlocation, Ruukki, the yield ofcv. Jatsi was as highas or higher than that of the control cultivars. The Jatsi crop rip- ened later than that ofcvs Muskoka and Heisa but earlier than that ofcv.Ville. The first har- vestdate ofcv.Jatsiwas 1-3 days later than that ofcv. Muskoka.

Cv. Jatsiwas ranked higher than the control cultivars in fruit firmness and coherency. The berries were medium red with weak glossiness;

the colour didnot appear asdark asthat of the cv. Muskoka fruit. The fruit ofcv.Jatsiwasmuch longer than broad. The adherence toplug _was much _stronger than that of the fruit of _cv.

Muskoka, which may make cv.Jatsimore diffi- culttopick. The fruiting laterals ofcv. Jatsi_were as longasthose ofcvsOttawa and Muskoka.

The canes ofcv.Jatsiwere thick and sturdy

like those ofcv. ^Ottawa, In autumn the cane height ofcv. Jatsi varied from 145cm to 255 cm.The number of young shootswas ashighas that of _cv. Ottawa but lower than that of cv.

Muskoka. There were no sharp spines on the canes of_cv. Jatsi. Spines _were sparse in young shoots,and the colour of the spines varied from green to brownish green. The intensity of an- thocyanin coloration of very young shoots and that of basal_{spots was}low. Inautumn,there_was aweak bloom in the full-grown shoots. The dor- mantcanes weregreyish brown.

The leaves ofcv. Jatsi sometimes hadthree, sometimes five leaflets. The leaflets did not touch each other, and stalklets were very short.

Reliefbetween the leaf veinswas strong. Flow- ers were of medium size, and the intensity of

anthocyanin coloration of the pedicel was very weak.

Cv. Jatsiwasinfested by powdery mildew in 1991, and was negative for RBDV infection in

June 1995.

We recommend cv. Jatsi for production due to its good flavour and large fruit. The winter- hardiness of the new cultivar is nobetter than that ofcvsOttawa and Muskoka. When winter damage does notoccur, however, cv. Jatsi may yield more than either of those cultivars. In growth habit, cv. Jatsi resembles cv.Ottawa _as the number ofcanesis low and thecanes arestur- dy, upright and long. It is therefore easier to prune and supportthan_cv.Muskoka. Moreover, the long canes make V-type of supporting ap- propriate. Owingtothe strongadherencetoplug thenewcultivar isnotrecommended for machine harvesting.

References

Blair,D.S. 1950.Bushfruits in Eastern Canada. Canada Department^ofAgriculturePublication775. p.6.

Grubb, N.H. 1935. Raspberry breeding at East Mailing 1922-34.J. Pomol. 13: 108-134.(Ref. Jennings,D.L.

1988.p.14and 187.)

Hiirsalmi,H.^& Laurinen,E. 1990. The redraspberry va- riety'Ville'. AnnatesAgriculturaeFenniae 29: 169- 171.

- _&Säkö, J. 1976.The nectar raspberry, Rubus idaeus x

Rubusarcticus-a^newcultivated plant. Annates Ag- riculturae Fenniae15: 168-174.

-&Säkö, J. 1981.'Heisa'^-a newnectar raspberryvari-

ety. Annates AgriculturaeFenniae 20: 268-272.

Jennings,D.L. 1988.Raspberriesand blackberries: their Breeding, diseases ^and growth.Academic Press London. ²³⁰p.

SELOSTUS

Uudet suomalaiset vadelmalajikkeet Jenkka ^ja Jatsi

PirjoDalman, HeimoHiirsalmi, Tarja Hietaranta ja Minna-Maria Linna

Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus

Kaksi uuttavadelmalajiketta JenkkajaJatsion las- kettu viljelyynMaatalouden tutkimuskeskuksen mar- jakasvien jalostusohjelman tuloksena. Lajikkeet on

valittu 1970-ja 1980-luvuillaPuutarhatuotannon^tut-

kimuslaitoksella Piikkiössä tehdystälähes 2000sie- mentaimenristeytysaineistosta. ‘Jenkka’ onperäisin v. 1973 tehdystä risteytyksestä (‘Mailing Promise’ x Merva) x ‘Ottawa’ ja‘Jatsi’risteytyksestä ^‘Ottawa’

x(‘MailingPromise’ x Merva). Lajikkeiden perimäs- tä löytyyhivenmesimarjaa, sillä Mervaonvadelman ja mesimarjan välisenhybridinkolmannenpolven ^va- paapölytysjälkeläinen. Risteytysaineiston alkukarsin- tatehtiin Piikkiössä. Keväällä 1988 lupaavimmat ja- losteet istutettiin kloonikokeisiin Piikkiön lisäksi Hämeen tutkimusasemalle Pälkäneelle, Ekologisen tuotannontutkimusasemalleMikkelinmaalaiskuntaan ja Pohjois-Pohjanmaan tutkimusasemalle Ruukkiin.

Verrannelajikkeina olivat Muskoka, Heisa jaVille sekä vuodesta ¹⁹⁹⁰lähtien myös ^Ottava. Vuosina 1990-1992tehtiinyksityiskohtaisethavainnot talveh- timisesta, kasvuominaisuuksista, satoisuudesta ja marjojen laadusta. Kasvukaudella 1994 tietoja täy-

dennettiinUPOV-järjestön(Union Internationalepour la Protection des Obtentions Vegetales) vaatimusten mukaisesti.

Vadelmalajike Jenkka

Jenkka valittiin lajikkeeksiennen kaikkea talvenkes- tävyytensä ja viljelyvarmuutensa vuoksi. Se talvehti kaikilla koepaikoilla yhtä hyvin tai paremmin kuin verrannelajikkeet. Pohjoisimmalla koepaikallaRuu- kissa ‘Jenkka’ olitalvenkestävyydeltään selvästi pa- ras lajike, muttamyös se vioittui lievästi joka talvi v 1989-1992.Koejaksolle ei sattunutpoikkeukselli- senankariatalvia, sillä alin Ruukissa mitattulämpö- tila oli ^{- 29,3} °C.

‘Jenkka’ oli Piikkiössä ja Ruukissa satoisampi kuin ‘Muskoka’,sensijaan PälkäneelläjaMikkelis- sä lajikkeiden sadot olivatyhtäsuuret.Marjatolivat

kiiltävänpunaiset, muodoltaan lähespyöreät ja^kool- taan samansuuruiset kuin ‘Muskokan’ marjat. ‘Jen-

kan' marjakokovaihteli eri vuosina eri koepaikoilla 1,50-2,53gja 'Muskokan' vastaavasti 1,12-2,57g.

Maku vaihteli,muttauseimmiten 'Jenkan' maku ar- vosteltiin lähesyhtä hyväksikuin 'Muskokan' maku.

Ville-lajikkeen marjat arvosteltiin aina näitä mauk- kaammiksi.

Jenkka-lajikkeen versot olivat ohuita ja rentoja kuten 'Muskokan' versot. 'Jenkan' versojen pituus vaihteli syksyisin 120 cm:stä 200cm:iinja 'Musko- kan' 95 cm:stä 195cm:iin. 'Jenkan' versoissa esiin- tyi lievästi härmää vuosina 1990 ja 1991; 'Musko- kan' versoissa härmää ei näkynyt.

Jenkka-lajiketta suositellaan viljelyyn alueille, joillaonongelmia nykyisten vadelmalajikkeiden tal- venkestävyydessä. Paremman talvenkestävyytensä ansiosta 'Jenkka' onviljely varmempi jakeskimäärin satoisampi kuin 'Muskoka'ja 'Ottawa'. Marjat ^ovat kooltaan, maultaan ja kiinteydeltään kuten 'Musko- kan' marjat. Myöskasvutavaltaan lajike muistuttaa

'Muskokaa',sillä ohuita ja rentoja versoja kehittyy runsaasti,jotenleikkaus- ja tuentatyötä on paljon.

Vadelmalajike Jatsi

Jatsi-lajikkeen talvenkestävyys oli Piikkiössä ja Mik- kelissä heikompikuin‘Muskokan’, ‘Heisan’, ‘Villen’

ja ‘Ottawan’, mutta Pälkäneellä jaRuukissa ‘Jatsi’

talvehti yhtä hyvin kuinverrannelajikkeet. ^{Sen sato} oli ‘Muskokan’ satoa suurempi Mikkeliä lukuun ot- tamattakaikillakoepaikoilla.

‘Jatsin’ marjat olivat suuremmat kuin verranne- lajikkeiden. Marjakokooli eri kokeissa jaeri vuosi-

na 2,00-3,41 g. Marjojen maku arvosteltiin yleensä paremmaksi kuin ‘Muskokan’, ^{mutta maku ei} yltä- nyt ‘Villen’ mauntasolle.‘Jatsin’ marjatolivatmuo- doltaan pitkulaisia, väriltään himmeän punaisia ja hieman vaaleampia kuin ‘Muskokan’ marjat. Kiin- teys ja koossapysyminen arvioitiinparemmaksikuin verrannelajikkeiden marjojen. ‘Jatsin’ marjat olivat tiukasti kiinni kukkapohjuksessa, mikä saattaa vai-

keuttaapoimintaa.

Jatsi-lajikkeen versotolivatpaksuhkot ja jäykät

Dalman,P. etai. Jenkka andJatsi,twonewred raspberry cultivars

kuten ‘Ottawan’ versot.Versojen pituusvaihteli syk- syisin 145emistä255emiiin. ‘Jatsin’ versoissa ei ol-

lutpistäviä piikkejä.Versoissaesiintyihärmää kesällä 1991.

Jatsi-lajikettasuositellaan viljelyyn marjojen hy- vän maun^jasuuren^koon vuoksi.Talvenkestävyysei

oleparempikuin nykyisten viljelylajikkeiden, mutta

‘Jatsin’ satoon hyvä, jos pahoja talvivaurioita ei esiinny. ‘Jatsi’ muistuttaakasvutavaltaan Ottawa-la-

jiketta, silläjäykkiä ja pitkiä versoja kehittyy vain kohtalaisesti, jotenleikkausja^luentaon helpompaa kuin Muskoka-lajikkeen. Pitkien versojen vuoksi

‘Jatsi’ soveltuu hyvinV-tuentaan.

Lajikkeetovatpuhdistettavinamahdollisista tau-

deistaja tuholaisistaLaukaan tutkimus- javaliotai- miasemalla. ^Onmahdollista, että lajikkeet saadaan tervetaimituottajille lisäykseen keväällä 1997 ja is-

tutettaviksikäytännön viljelyksille syksyllä 1997.