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ODC 238:

162.32--015.5

FOLIA FORESTAXJA424

METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS-INSTITUTUM

FORESTALE FENNIAE-HELSINKI 1980

RISTO SIEVÄNEN

A PRELIMINARY SIMULATION MODEL FOR ANNUAL PHOTO

SYNTHETIC PRODUCTION AND GROWTH IN A SHORT ROTATION PLANTATION

ALUSTAVA LYHYTKIERTO VILJELMÄN VUOTUISEN FOTO SYNTEESIN TUOTOKSENJA KASVUN SIMULOINTIMALLI

(2)

1978

1979

No 353 Päivinen, Risto: Kapenemis-ja kuorimallit männylle, kuuselle ja koivulle.

Taper and bark thickness models for pine, spruce and birch.

No 354 Järveläinen, Veli-Pekka: Yksityismetsätalouden seuranta. Metsälöotokseen perustuvan tietojärjestelmän kokeilu.

Monitoring the development of Finnish private forestry. A test of an information system based on a sample of forest

holdings.

No 355 Kärkkäinen, Matti & Salmi, Juhani: Tutkimuksia liaapatukkien mittauksesta ja tekni sistä ominaisuuksista.

Studieson the measurement and technicalproperties of aspen logs.

No 356 Hyppönen,Mikko & Roiko-Jokela, Pentti: Koepuiden mittauksen tarkkuus ja tehok kuus.

On the accuracy and effectivity of measuring sample trees.

No 357 Uusitalo, Matti: Alueittaisetkantorahatulot vuosina 1970—75.

Regional gross stumpage earnings in Finland in 1970—75.

No 358 Mattila, Eero & Helle, Timo: Keskisen poronhoitoalueentalvilaidunteninventointi.

Inventory of winter ranges of semi-domestic reindeer in Finnish Central Lapland.

No 359 Hannelius,Simo: Istutuskuusikon tiheys tuotoksen ja edullisuudentarkastelua.

Initial tree spacing in Norway spruce timber growing an appraisal of

yield

and profitability.

No 360 Jakkila, Jouko & Pohtila, Eljas: Perkauksen vaikutus taimiston kehitykseen Lapissa.

Effect of cleaning on developmentof sapling stands inLapland.

No 361 Kyttälä, Timo: Työn organisointimahdollisuudet puunkorjuussa..

Aspects of work organizing in logging.

No 362 Kukkola, Mikko: Lannoituksenvaikutus eri latvuskerrosten puiden kasvuun mustikka tyypin kuusikossa.

Effect of fertilizationon the growth of different tree classes in a spruce stand on

Myrtillus-site.

No 363 Mielikäinen, Kari: Puun kasvun ennustettavuus.

Predictability of tree growth.

No 364 Koski, Veikko & Tallqvist, Raili: Tuloksia monivuotisista kukinnan ja siemensadon määrän mittauksista metsäpuilla.

Results of long-time measurements of the quantity of

flowering

and seed crop of forest trees.

No 365 Tervo, Mikko: Metsänomistajaryhmittäiset hakkuut ja niiden

suhdanneherkkyys

Etelä ja Pohjois-Suomessa vuosina 1955—1975.

The cut ofroundwoodand itsbusiness

cycles

in Southernand NorthernFinland by forest ownership groups, 1955—1975.

No 366 Ryynänen, Leena: Kotimaistenlehtipuiden

siitepölyn laadunmäärityksestä.

Determination of quality of pollen from Finnish deciduous tree species.

No 367 Uusitalo, Matti: Suomen metsätalous

MERA-ohjelmakaudella

1965—75. Tilastoihin perustuva tarkastelu.

Finnish

forestry

during the MERA Programmeperiod 1965—75. A review based on statistics.

No 368 Kärkkäinen, Matti: Käytännön tuloksia koivuviilun saannosta.

Empirical results onbirch veneer yield.

No 369 Laitinen, Jorma: Raivaussahojen kantokäsittelylaitteiden vertailu filmianalyysillä.

Comparing

clearing

saw sprayers with film

analysis.

No 370 Kärkkäinen, Matti: Pientenkuusitukkien mittaus.

Measurementof smallspruce logs.

No 371 Jalkanen, Risto: Maanpinnanrikkomisen vaikutus korvasienen satoisuuteen.

Effect of breaking soil surface on the yield of Gyromitra esculenta.

No 372 Laitinen, Jorma: Kuormatraktorintekninen käyttöaste.

Mechanical

availability

of forwarders.

No 373 Petäistö, Raija-Liisa: Phlebia gigantea ja Heterobasidion annosum männyn kannoissa hakkuualoilla Suomenniemen ja Savitaipaleen kunnissa.

Pblebia gigantea and Heterobasidion annosum in pine stumps on cutting areas in Suomenniemiand Savitaipale.

No 374 Kalaja, Hannu: Pienpuun korjuu TT 1000 F palstahakkurilla.

Harvestingsmall-sized trees with terrainchipperTT 1000 F.

No375 Metsätilastollinen

vuosikirja

1977—1978.

Yearbook of Forest Statistics 1977—1978.

No 376 Huttunen, Terho: Suomen puunkäyttö, poistuma ja metsätase 1976—78.

Wood consumption, totaldrain andforest balancein Finland, 1976—78.

No 377 Kärkkäinen, Matti: Koivutukkien tarkistusmittauksia.

Control measurements of birch

logs.

No 378 Mäkelä, Markku: Tilasto-ja aikatutkimustuotostenvertailuaainespuun

korjuussa.

Output in harvesting ofindustrialwoodbased onstatistical dataor timestudies.

No 379 Veiling, Pirkko: Erilaisten rauduskoivuprovenienssien

alkukehityksestä

taimitarhalla ja kenttäkokeissa.

Initial development of different Betula

pendula

Roth provenances in the seedling nursery and in field trials.

No 380 Kuusela, Kullervo&

Salminen,

Sakari: Suomenmetsävarat lääneittäin1971—1976.

Forestresources in Finland 1971—1976 by counties.

Luettelo jatkuu kansisivulla

(3)

FOLIA FORESTALIA 424

Metsäntutkimuslaitos. Institutum Forestale Fenniae. Helsinki 1980

Risto Sievänen

A PRELIMINARY

SIMULATION MODELFOR ANNUAL

PHOTOSYNTHETIC

PRODUCTIONAND GROWTHIN A

SHORT

ROTATION PLANTATION

Alustava lyhytkiertoviljelmän vuotuisen fotosynteesin

tuotoksen ja kasvun simulointimalli

(4)

SIEVÄNEN, R. 1980.Apremilinarysimulation model forannual photosynthetic production and growth in a short rotation plantation. Seloste: Alustava lyhyt kiertoviljelmän vuotuisen fotosynteesin tuotoksen ja kasvun simulointimalli.

Folia For. 424:1—11.

A simple simulation model for photosynthesis and growth in ashort rotation plantation is presented.Theplantationisdescribed in terms ofdryweightand carbohydrate concentration of plants. Photosynthesis, growth and seasonal changesof theplant'sactivity throughoutthe growing period areconsidered as

separate processes. Two versions ofthe model are fittedtothe measurements with simulation technique.No unique setof parameters can be obtained. The implicationsofthe fittingforthemodel developmentarediscussed.

Lyhytkiertoviljelmän fotosynteesille ja kasvulle esitetään yksinkertainen simu lointimalli. Viljelmä kuvataan kasvien kuivapainon ja hiilihydraattipitoisuuden avulla. Fotosynteesiä, kasvua ja kasvien aktiviteetinvuodenaikaisvaihtelua kasvu kauden aikana tarkastellaan mallissa erillisinä prosseina. Mallin kaksi eri ver siota sovitetaan mittaustuloksiin, mutta parametreille ei saada yksikäsitteisiä arvoja. Sovituksentuloksia tarkastellaan mallinkehittämisen kannalta.

Valtion Painatuskeskus 1980 ODC 238:162.32-015.5

ISBN 951-40-0435-3 ISSN 0015-5543

(5)

1280006175—90 g 3 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 4

2. OUTLINE OF THE MODEL AND THE RELATED MEASUREMENTS 4

21. Structure of the model 4

22. Related measurements 4

3. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL 5

31. Stage of development 5 32. Net photosynthetic rateandrespiration rate 6 33. Dynamics oftheamountof carbohydrates 7

34. Growthrateof dry weight 7

4. SIMULATION 7

5. DISCUSSION 9

REFERENCES 10

SELOSTE 11

(6)

1. INTRODUCTION

A short rotation

plantation

has many

interesting special

features. It can be

subjected

to intensive cultivation and the

yield

can be affected

by controlling

the environment. The same methods as are

employed

in

improving

the

yield

of cereal crops canbeused toincreasethe

production

ofashortrotation

plantation by optimizing

all the factors which have an effect on the

yield.

It is believed thata

dynamic

modelis of great

help

insuch work

(cf.

de Wi t et al.

1978). By using dynamic model,

the influence of relevant factors can be ef

fectively analysed

and therelated

empirica.

research

guided. Furthermore,

a

dynamic

modelcan reducethe time neededtoachieve results in

comparison

to the traditional methodssincesimulationscan substitute for time

consuming experiments.

Theaimofthepresent

study

istoestablish

a basic simulation modelwhich can later be

enlarged

and mademore

complicated.

Two different versions of the model are pre sented. Both versions are tested

using

data collected

during

summer 1978.

2. OUTLINEOFTHE MODELAND THE RELATED MEASUREMENTS

21. Structure of the model

The model was built to describe a Salix

cv.

'Aquatica' plantation.

The

density

of the

plantation

was 16

cuttings

per square meter anditsagetwo years.Theshootshad been cut

during

the winter 1977—1978.

Irrigation

and the nutrient status of the

plantation

were

kept

at a

satisfactory

level.

The modelassumes that the

plantation

is

homogenous

and describes it in amounts per unit

ground

area. In the model the

plantation

has two compartments: the

dry weight

of the shoots

(DW)

and the carbo

hydrate pool (C) (which

is

supposed

to be

evenly

distributed

throughout

the

plant).

The roots are not included in the model and the leaf area

(LA)

is

computed

as a measured function of DW for calculation of the

photosynthetic

rate. The

daily

mean

temperatures and the

daily

totals of ir radiance

(measured

with a Bellani pyrano

meter)

were usedas theenvironmentalvari ables in the simulation.

The basic structure of the model is

adopted

from de Wit et al.

(1970)

and theenergy flowsinthe modelare

decipted

in

Figure

1.

Figure 1.Theenergyflowsinthemodel.

Kuva1.Mallin energiavirrat

The formulae for the

dependencies

of process rates on theenvironmentalvariables

were eitherderived from the measurements carried out

during

summer 1978 in the Salix

'Aquatica' plantation

or taken from the literature.

22. Related measurements

The

dependency

of the

photosynthetic

rate on the environmental variables in the field was studied. The

measuring

facilities included: an IRGA-device with trap-type

(7)

2 1280006175—90 g 5

pneumatically operated

assimilation cham

bers, equipment

for

measuring light

in

photosynthetic

studies

(Hari

etai.

1976),

temperaturesensors and a data

logging

unit

tocontrolthesystemandto collectthedata.

The

following

results were got for the model: The

dependence

of the net

photo synthetic

rate on irradianceis

depicted

in

Figure

2. The

respiration

rate was

approxi mately

10 % of thenet

photosynthetic

rate.

The

shape

of the curve

depicted

in

Figure

2 remained constant

during

the

measuring period

whereas the level of the maximum

net

photosynthetic

rate, P

m,

showedprono unced variation.P

m

is

depicted

in

Figure

3

as a functionofboth timeand

daily

mean

temperature.

Any dependence

of the

photo synthetic

rate on the temperature

during

the

day

could not be found. It may be

supposed

that the

photosynthetic

rate in natural conditions is insensitive to small fluctuations in temperature around the average, and the effectof it is outside the resolution

capacity

of the

equipment.

Figure 2. The relationship between the net photosynt hetic rate and irradiance.

Kuva 2. Nettofotosynteesinopeuden riippuvuus sätei lystä.

Figure 3. (A) The maximum netphotosynthetic rate, P

m,

duringthemeasuringperiod, (B)P

m

inrelationtodailymeantemperature.

Kuva 3. (A) Maksimaalinen nettofotosynteesinopeus, p

X m*

(B)Pmpäivänkeskilämpötilanfunktiona.

3. MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL

31.

Stage

of

development

A

plant

exercises inner

regulation

of the

rates of its different processes

especially

in the

beginning

and at the end of the active

period (cf.

Hari

1972,

Sarvas

1972).

The rates are not as

high

as in the middle or the

growing period

under the

same environmental conditions. Such a

phenomenon

wasalsoobserved inthis

study.

An attempt was made to take it into consideration in two ways:

(the resulting

modelsare called modelAand model

B)

A)

Pelkonen and Hari

(1979)

have used a model to describe the

springtime

recovery of theC0

2

uptake

in Scots

pine.

It was

employed

with

slight

modificationsin

(8)

the

following

way: Themaximumnet

photo synthetic

rate

(P

m

) depends

on thetempera ture

(T)

via the

physiological

stage of

development

for

photosynthesis (Sp)

in the

following

way:

whereP

ml,

A,,

A

2

and A3

are parameters and t

b

is the

beginning

instantof theactive

period.

The function

fj(T,

has the

following

property: when T is constant

(or

oscillates around a constant

value)

over a

long period

of

time,

s

(solved

from the

corresponding

differential

equation)

is

adjusted

so that

f,(T, Sp)

= 0i.e. sp

and P

m

donot

change

in

constant environmental conditions.

B)

A modelfor the

regulation

of

growth

rate was tested as on alternative. It was

adopted

from Hari et ai.

(1977).

The

dnw

growth

rate of DW

(- ———)

is

regulated

through

the

physiological

stage of

develop

ment for

growth (s

g

) by

the formulae

Figure4. The relationship between function f 2 and s

g

(seetextforexplanation).

Kuva4.Kasvunfysiologisenkehitysvaiheen(sg) vaiku tus kasvunopeuteen.

where Fistheeffectofother factorsonthegrowth rate(see 34.),k isaconstantand f2has the form de pictedinFigure4,with parametersSj,s2ands

3

.

32. Net

photosynthetic

rateand

respiration

rate

The rate of net

photosynthesis

P was calculated

using

the formula

where P, is a constant which relates the photosyn thesisand DW,iirradiance,f

3

istheeffectofirradiance;

because the daily totals of irradiance were used, the dependencedepictedinFigure2couldnotbeexploited;

the relationship used (with parameter i,), Figure 5, simulates the dependence.

LA was calculated as a function of DW.

The

relationship

between LA and DW had been measured. P was related either on

m s

p

(model A)

oronT

(model B).

Inthelatter

casethe

dependence

was takenfrommeasur ements

(Fig. 3b)

andis

depicted

in

Figure

6.

According

to the measurements the

respi

ration rate was

approximately

10% of the net

photosynthetic

rate. No measureddata were available about maintenance

respi

ration. For this reason the

respiration

rate

was

linearly

related to the gross

photo synthetic

rate, and its effect is taken into considerationinthe formula for net

photo synthetic

rate.

Figurefunction5. The relationship between f 3and

daily totalsof irradiance (seetext forexplanation).

Kuva 5. Päivittäisen kokonaissäteilyn vaikutus netto fotosynteesinopeuteen.

P m =P

mlSp

S P

_

dt s

p 1 +

a3)

A,

V

=f| (T,sp)

1 +

- a3>

s p(tb) =0

P=P,Pm

LAf

3 (i)

(9)

7 Figure 6. The relationship between the maximum

photosynthetic rate, Pm, and the temperature, T (modelB).

Kuva 6. Nettofotosynteesinopeuden maksimitason, P,„, riippuvuus päivittäisestä keskilämpötilasta mallin B-versiossa.

33.

Dymamics

of theamount ofcarbohydrates

As aconsequenceof the structure of the modeltheamount of Cis

gowerned by

DW Theinitialvalueof C was takentobe

y—

Figure7.Therelationshipbetween function f4and CC (for explanation see text).

Kuva 7. Kasvunopeuden riippuvuus kasvin hiilihyd raattipitoisuudesta CC.

34. Growth rateof dry

weight

The

growth

rate of

DW,

dDW

, was at assumed to

depend

on temperature, the

cabohydrate

content of thePlant

(CC)

and

tobe

directly proportional

to C:

Q wherewand hareparameters, CC =-

pw

.

The

dependence

of

4

f on CC is

depicted

in

Figure

7

(f

4 has parameters

Cj

and

C 2)

and

f2(s

g

)

is the effect of

regulation (see 31.A.).

4. SIMULATION

Both models were tested with field data.

The time courses of environmental variables are

presented

in

Figure

8. The models were written in MIMIC

language.

The models

were fitted to the data

by simulating

and

using

a computerterminal

interactively.

The best fit was obtained with the

following

values for theparameters:

Parameters common for models A and B

Parameters for model A

The obtained set of parameter values is not

unique.

When values for some para meters were chosen

beforehand,

values for others could be found to

give

a

fairly good

dC dDW

dt

~

dt

dDW

—— =

wf

4 (CC)e

hTC (model A)

dDW

———

=wf2(ehTC (modelB)

P! =0.0011 i, =550 C,0.05

2

= C =0.2

w =1.0 h = 0.026

P ml

=0.0013 A, = 181 A 2 =79 A3 = 8

Parameters for model B

s, =

130s

2=385 k0.13= s =480

(10)

Figure8. Thetimecourses ofdaily meantemperature and daily totalsofirradiation.

Kuva 8. Päivittäinen keskilämpötila ja kokonais säteily tutkimusjakson aikana.

fit. The reason for this is the small number of measured variables

(= 1)

in

comparison

to the

large

numberofparameters.

The results of simulation can be seen in

Figure

9 for both models. The

discrepancy

between the

computed

andmeasuredvalues inthe middleand at the endofthe

growing period

of model A is due to the fact that

regulation

of P

m

through

s

p

did not ensure a

sufficiently rapid

decrease of the

growth

rate of DW

during

the autumn. The simu lated timecourse of P

m

is

qualitatively

the

same as the measuredone

(Fig. 3a).

ModelBinturn

gives

too

optimistic

values for DW in the

beginning

of the

growing period

and has a better fit

during

the rest of the summer. The model

predicts

un

realistically large

values for

carbohydrate

concentration at the

beginning. During

the

autumn the time course of CC is more

realistic thanthat of modelA

(cf.

Axels

son and

Ägr

e n

1976).

On the other handthe simulated

sharp

increaseof CC in the

beginning (with

both

models)

may be artefactualbecause themodels

may

give

too crudea

description

for the

plantation

when the

plants

arevery small.

Thesimulationsrevealedsome

interesting

features of the models. The

length

of the active

period

has a

pronounced

effect on

yield

because the accumulation of DW

mainly

occurs

during

therestof summer.

The net

photosynthetic

rate was

linearly

related to the leaf area. The difficulties involved in

fitting

models eitherin the be

ginning

ofat the endofthe

growing period

may reflect the effect of the canopy architecture on

photosynthesis.

The linear

approximation

does not cover the whole

growing period.

(11)

9 Figure 9.Thesimulatedresults formodelA (A) andformodel B (B). Thecrossesaremeasured valuesof DW.The

rangesof valuesare following:

DW: 0-..1 (kg/m 2), CC: 0...1

P

m: 0.-.32(ng COj/s (modelA),

2 f(sg): O--*'(modelB),

P:0...3.5-105(ngCO 2

/s/m2 )

Kuva9. Sovituksen tulosmallille A (A) ja mallille B (B). Ristitovat mitattuja kuiva-aineen määriä. Erisuureiden vaihteluvälit ovatseuraavat:

DW (kuiva-aine): 0...1 fkg/m

CC (hiilihydraattipitoisuus) 0...1, P

m(maksiminettofotosynteesinopeus):0...32

(ngCC>2/s-cm^/m^)

(malli

A),f

2 (sg)(kehitysvaiheenvaikutuskasvunopeuteen):0...1(malliB), P(nettofotosynteesinopeus):0...3.5-1(P

(ngCC>2/s/m^)

5. DISCUSSION

The models

presented

are rather

simple

and involve

many

far-reaching assumptions.

Some

points

maybe mentioned.

The

description

ofthe

plantation

interms of

dry weight

of shoots and

carbohydrate pool neglects

theseparate active roles ofthe

leaves,

shoots and roots. Theratiobetween the

shoots,

roots and leaves is not

likely

to remain constant

throughout

the summer.

Thedistributionof

photosynthates

is a very

important

factor for the

development

of a

plant (cf.

Mon s i and M v r ata

1970,

Axel ss o n and

Ägr

e n

1976).

The

net

photosynthetic

rate was

linearly

related

to leaf area. It

ignores

the effect of the canopy

architecture,

which varies

during

the

summer, on

photosynthesis. Respiration

is

an

important

process inthe

energyeconomy of a

plant (McC

re c

1970).

It is not

only

relatedto

photosynthesis

but italso contains the maintenance

respiration

component which may in some circumstances be

important.

The environment of the

planta

tion had two components:

daily

total of irradiation and

daily

mean temperature.

Anaccurate modelshouldhave smaller time steps for temperature and

light.

The use of

daily

mean temperature and

daily

total irradiance may

give

biased results because the

dependencies

of rates of the tempera ture and irradiance at a

given

moment are nonlinear.The

CO, gradient

inthe canopy,

(12)

water andnutrientcontentsofthe soil should be includedin the environmental

variables,

too.

In the next stageof the

modelling,

work willbe concentratedon

improving

thetreat

ment ofcanopy

photosynthesis,

distribution of

photosynthates during

the

growth period

and

respiration.

Theseresearch

topics

should also be the main

points

ofrelated

empirical

research. The

(net) photosynthetic efficiency

is the most

important

factor

affecting

the

yield.

For this reason factors

affecting

the

net

photosynthesis

of a canopy should be

carefully analysed.

REFERENCES

AXELSSON, B. &

ÄGREN,

G. 1976. Tree growth model (PT 1) A development paper. Swedish coniferous forestproject, internalreport 41.

HARI, P. 1972. Physiological stage of development in biological models of growth and maturation.

Ann. Bot. Fenn. 9:107—115.

, KELLOMÄKI, S. & VUOKKO, R. 1977. A dynamicapproach to the analysis ofdaily height growth of plants. Oikos28:234 —241.

— , SALMINEN, R., PELKONEN, P., HUHTA MAA, M. & POHJONEN, V. 1976. A new

approach for measuring light inside the canopy in photosynthetic studies.Silva Fenn. 10(2):94—102.

McCREE, K.J. 1970. An equation for the rate of respiration of white clover plants grown under controlled conditions. In: Prediction and measure mentof photosynthetic productivity (cd. I. Setlik).

Pudoc, Wageningen. 632p.

MONSI, M. & MURATA, Y. 1970. Development of

photosyntheticsystemsasinfluenced bydistribution of matter. In: Prediction and measurement of photosynthetic productivity (cd. I. Setlik). Pudoc, Wageningen. 632p.

PELKONEN, P. & HARI, P. 1979. The dependence of the springtime C0

2 uptake in Scots pine on temperature and internal factors.Flora (in print).

SARVAS, R. 1972. Investigations ontheannual cycle of development of forest trees. Active period.

Commun. Inst.For.Fenn. 76(3): 1—110.

WIT, C.T. de, BROUWER, R & PENNING de VRIES, F.W.T. 1970. The simulation of photo synthetic systems. In: Prediction and measurement

ofphotosyntheticproductivity (cd.ISetlik).Pudoc, Wageningen. 632 p.

WIT,C.T.de etal. 1978. Simulation ofassimilation, respiration and transpiration of crops. Pudoc, Wageningen. 141 p.

(13)

11 SELOSTE

Lyhytkiertoviljelynä kasvatettava energiaviljelmä on on uusi tutkimuskohde Suomessa. Sen tuottoonvaikut tavat monet tekijät. Voidaan olettaa, että lyhytkierto viljelmää kuvaavalla simulointimallilla onmahdollista ohjata tehokkaasti viljelmän tuoton kohottamiseksi tapahtuvaa tutkimusta.

Laadittu malli on yksinkertainen, ja siinä kasvusto onkuvattu kasvien kuivapainon ja hiilihydraattipitoi suudenavulla. Kasvuston lehtipinta-ala lasketaan mit tauksiin sovitetun regressioyhtälön avulla. Juuria mal lissa ei tarkastella.

Mallin perusrakenne on otettu kirjallisuudesta, ja energiavirrat (massavirrat), joiden tuloksena kuiva ainesyntyy, on esitetty kuvassa 1. Toisiinsa vaikutta vina prosseina tarkastellaan fotosynteesiä, kasvua ja kasvien aktiviteetinvuodenaikaista vaihtelua. Ympäris tötekijöinä käytetään päivittäistä keskilämpötilaaja kokonaissäteilyä.

Mallistakäytetään kahtaerilaista muunnosta.Ensim mäisessä vaihtoehdossa oletetaan maksimaalisen foto synteesinopeuden (hetkellinen fotosynteesinopeus riip puu valon intensiteetistä ja lämpötilasta) riippuvan lämpötilan vaikutuksesta muuttuvasta kehitysvai

heesta. Tällöin kasvunopeus riippuu vain lämpötilasta jalabiilien hiilihydraattien määrästä. Toisessa vaihto ehdossa asetetaan maksimaalinen fotosynteesinopeus vakioksi, ja oletetaan maksimaalisen kasvunopeuden riippuvan epälineaarisesti lämpötilan mukaan etene västäkehitysvaiheesta. Myös tässä kasvunopeus riippuu hiilihydraattienmäärästä ja lämpötilasta.

Molemmat versiot sovitettiin mittauksiin simulointi tekniikalla. Mitattuja suureita oli vain yksi, kuiva aineen määrä ja parametrejä mallissa useita, joten niille eisaada yksikäsitteisiä arvoja.

Simuloinneissa kävi ilmi, ettei kummallakaan ver siolla pystytä täydellisesti kuvaamaan koko kasvu kautta. Tämän voi arvella johtuvan siitä, että kasvit säätelevät sekä fotosynteesiä että kasvua.Kasvukauden alussa molemmat mallin versiot antoivat varsin suuria hiilihydraattipitoisuuksia, joita tuskin luonnossa tavataan.

Kokemuksien perusteella voidaan päätellä, ettäensi sijaisesti tarkennusta kaipaavia kohtia ovat kasvuston fotosynteesiprosessin ja fotosynteesituotteiden jakautu misen kuvaukset.

(14)
(15)

ODC

238:162.32-015.5

ODC

238:162.

32-015.

5

ISBN

951-40-0435-3

ISBN

951-40-0435-3

ISSN

0015-5543

ISSN

0015-5543

SIEVÄNEN,

R.

1980.

A

preliminary

simulation

model

for

annual

photosynthetic

SIEVÄNEN,

R.

1980.

A

preliminary

simulation

model

for

annual

photosynthetic

production

and

growth

in a

short

rotation

plantation.

Seloste:

Alustava

lyhyt-

production

and

growth

in

a

short

rotation

plantation.

Seloste:

Alustava

lyhyt

-

kiertoviljelmän

vuotuisen

fotosynteesin

tuotoksen

ja

kasvun

simulointimalli.

kiertoviljelmän

vuotuisen

fotosynteesin

tuotoksen

ja

kasvun

simulointimalli.

Folia

for.

424:1—11.

Folia

for.

424:1—11.

A

simple

simulation

model

for

photosynthesis

and

growth

in

a

short

rotation

A

simple

simulation

model

for

photosynthesis

and

growth

in

a

short

rotation

plantation

is

presented.

The

plantation

is

described

in

terms

of

dry

weight

and

plantation

is

presented.

The

plantation

is

described

in

terms

of

dry

weight

and

carbohydrate concentration

of

plants.

Photosynthesis,

growth

and

seasonal

carbohydrate concentration

of

plants.

Photosynthesis,

growth

and

seasonal

changes

of

the

plant's activity

throughout

the

growing

period

are

considered

as

changes

of

the

plant's activity

throughout

the

growing

period

are

considered

as

separate

processes.

Two

versions

of

the

model

are

fitted

to

the

measurements

separate

processes.

Two

versions

of

the

model

are

fitted

to

the

measurements

with

simulation technique.

No

unique

set

of

parameters

can

be

obtained.

The with

simulation technique.

No

unique

set

of

parameters

can

be

obtained.

The

implications

of

the

fitting

for the

model

development

are

discussed.

implications

of

the

fitting

for the

model

development

are

discussed.

Author's

address:

The

Finnish

Forest

Research Institute,

Unioninkatu

40 A,

Author's address:

The

Finnish

Forest

Research Institute,

Unioninkatu

40 A,

SF-00170 Helsinki

17,

Finland.

SF-00170 Helsinki

17,

Finland.

ODC

238:162.32-015.5

ODC

238:162.32-015.5

ISBN

951-40-0435-3

ISBN

951-40-0435-3

ISSN

0015-5543

ISSN

0015-5543

SIEVÄNEN,

R.

1980.

A

preliminary

simulation

model

for

annual

photosynthetic

SIEVÄNEN,

R.

1980.

A

preliminary

simulation

model

for

annual

photosynthetic

production

and

growth

in a

short

rotation

plantation.

Seloste:

Älustava

lyhyt-

production

and

growth

in a

short

rotation

plantation.

Seloste:

Alustava

lyhyt

kiertoviljelmän

vuotuisen

fotosynteesin

tuotoksen

ja

kasvun

simulointimalli.

kiertoviljelmän

vuotuisen

fotosynteesin

tuotoksen

ja

kasvun

simulointimalli.

Folia

for.

424:1—11.

Folia

for.

424:1

— 11.

A

simple

simulation

model

for

photosynthesis

and

growth

in a

short

rotation

A

simple

simulation

model

for

photosynthesis

and

growth

in

a

short

rotation

plantation

is

presented.

The

plantation

is

described

in

terms

of

dry

weight

and

plantation

is

presented.

The

plantation

is

described

in

terms

of

dry

weight

and

carbohydrate concentration

of

plants.

Photosynthesis,

growth

and

seasonal

carbohydrate concentration

of

plants.

Photosynthesis,

growth

and

seasonal

changes

of

the

plant's activity

throughout

the

growing

period

are

considered

as

changes

of

the

plant's activity

throughout

the

growing

period

are

considered

as

separate

processes.

Two

versions

of

the

model

are

fitted

to

the

measurements

separate

processes.

Two

versions

of

the

model

are

fitted

to

the

measurements

with

simulation technique.

No

unique

set

of

parameters

can

be

obtained.

The with

simulation technique.

No

unique

set

of

parameters

can

be

obtained.

The

implications

of

the

fitting

for the

model

development

are

discussed.

implications

of

the

fitting

for the

model

development

are

discussed.

Author's address:

The

Finnish

Forest

Research Institute,

Unioninkatu

40 A,

Author's address:

The

Finnish

Forest

Research Institute,

Unioninkatu

40 A,

SF-00170 Helsinki

17,

Finland.

SF-00170 Helsinki

17,

Finland.

(16)
(17)

No 381 Hyppönen, Mikko & Norokorpi, Yrjö: Lahoisuuden vaikutus puutavaran saantoon ja

arvoonPeräpohjolan vanhoissa kuusikoissa.

Theeffect of decay on timberyield and value of the old Norway spruce stands in northern Finland.

No 382 Paavilainen, Eero & Virtanen, Jaakko: Metsänlannoituksen vaikutuksen riippuvuus

levitysmenetelmästä

turvemaalla.

Effectof spreading method onforest fertilizationresults on peatlands.

No383 Siren, Matti, Vuorinen,Heikki &

Sauvala,

Kari: Pientraktorienheilunta.

Low-frequency vibration in small tractors.

No384

Löyttyniemi,

Kari &Rousi, Matti:

Lehtipuutaimistojen hyönteistuhoista.

On insect damage in young deciduous stands.

No385 Hytönen-Kemiläinen, Riitta: Suomen sahatavaramarkkinat

Länsi-Euroopassa

vuosina

1950—1975 ja alueen sahatavaran kulutuksen ennustaminen.

Finland's West-European sawnwood markets 1950—1975, with an econometric model for forecasting the area's sawnwood consumption.

No 386 Parviainen, Jari: Istuttamallaperustetunmännikön, kuusikon, siperialaisenlehtikuusi kon ja rauduskoivikon alkukehitys.

Early development of Scots pine, Norway spruce, Siberian larch and silver birch plantations.

No 387 Teivainen, Terttu: Metsäpuiden taimien myyrätuhot metsänuudistusaloillaja metsite tyillä pelloilla Suomessavuosina 1973—76

Vole damage to forest tree seedlings inreforested areas and fields in Finland inthe years 1973—76.

No 388 Teivainen, Terttu, Jukola, Eeva-Liisa, Kaikusalo, Asko & Korhonen, Kyllikki: Vesi myyrän, Arvicola terrestris (L.), aiheuttamat metsäpuiden taimien juuristotuhot vv.

1973—76 Suomessa.

Root damageof forest tree

seedlings

caused by water vole, Arvicola terrestris (L.), in the

years 1973—76 inFinland.

No 389 Kolari, KimmoK.: Hivenravinteiden puute

metsäpuilla

ja männyn kasvuhäiriöilmiö Suomessa. Kirjallisuuskatsaus.

Micro-nutrient deficiency onforesttrees and diebackof Scots pine in Finland.Areview.

No 390 Kaunisto, Seppo & Metsänen, Rauni: Turpeen muokkauksen ja lannoitteiden sijoit tamisenvaikutus männyn taimien juuriston kehitykseen tupasvillanevalla.

Effects of soil preparationand fertilizer

placement

onthe root developmentof Scots pine on deep peat.

No391 Valtonen, Kari: Loppukäyttötiedot saha- ja puulevyteollisuuden markkinoinnissa.

End-use informationfor marketing in sawmill and wood-based panelindustries.

No392 Isomäki, Antti: Kuusialikasvoksen vaikutus männikön kasvuun, tuotokseen ja tuottoon.

Theeffectof spruce undergrowthonthe increment,

yield

andreturns of apine stand.

No393 Kurkela, Timo: Lophodertniumseditiosum Minteretai. -sienen esiintyminen männyn karisteen yhteydessä.

Association of Lophodertnium seditiosum Minter etal. with a needlecast

epidemic

onScots pine.

No394 Rikala, Risto: Lannoitteiden levitystavan vaikutus koulittujen männyn ja kuusen taimien

kehittymiseen

taimitarhalla.

The effect of fertilizer spreading methods on the development of pine and spruce transplantsin the nursery.

No 395 Löyttyniemi, Kari, Austarä,

oystein,

Bejer, Broder & Ehnström, Bengt: Insect pests in forests of the Nordic Countries 1972—1976.

Tuhohyönteistenesiintyminen Pohjoismaiden metsissä 1972—1976.

No 396 Silfverberg, Klaus: Männyn kasvuhäiriön ajoittuminen ja alkukehitys turvemaan boo rinpuutosalueella.

Phenology

and initial

development

of a

growth

disorder in Scots pine on boron deficient peatland.

No 397 Talkamo, Tero:

Markkinapuun

alueittaisethankintamäärätja kulkuvirrat vuonna 1976 (1964—1973).

Removal

and flow of commercial roundwoodin Finland during 1976 (1964—1973) by districts.

No 398 Lehto, Jaakko: Metsäalankoulutus metsäalanorganisaatioidenarvioimana.

Forest education evaluated by forestry organizations.

No 399 Jokinen,Katriina & Tamminen,Pekka:

Tyvilahoisten

kuusikoiden

jälkeen

istutetuissa männyn taimistoissa esiintyvät sienituhotKeski-Satakunnassa.

Fungal damagein young Scots pine stands

replacing

butt rot-infected Norway spruce stands in SW Finland.

No 400 Metsänlannoitustutkimuksen tuloksia ja tehtäviä. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksenmetsänlan noitustutkimuksen seminaari 15.2.1979.

Results and tasks in forest fertilization research.

Proceedings

of the Finnish Forest Research Institute symposium onforest fertilizationresearch 15.2.1979.

No401 Mielikäinen, Kari: Älaharvennusten vaikutus männikön tuotokseenja arvoon.

Theinfluenceof low thinnings onthe woodproduction and value of a pine stand.

No402 Sepponen,Pentti, Lähde, Erkki & Roiko-Jokela, Pentti: Metsäkasvillisuudenja maan

fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien välisestä suhteestaLapissa.

On the

relationship

of the forest vegetation and the soil

physical

properties in Finnish Lapland.

Luettelo

jatkuu

4. kansisivull*

(18)

No 403 Kanninen, Kaija, Uusvaara, Olli & Valonen, Paavo: Kokopuuraaka-aineenmittaus ja ominaisuudet.

Measuring andproperties of whole tree raw-material.

No 404 Kaunisto,Seppo: Alustavia tuloksia palaturpeenkuivatuskentän ja suonpohjan metsi

tyksestä.

Preliminary results onafforestation of sod peat drying fields and peat cut-over areas.

No 405 Sepponen, Pentti & Haapala, Heikki: Ojituksen vaikutuksesta turpeen kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin.

On theeffectof drainageonthe chemicalproperties of peat.

No 406 Elovirta, Pertti: Metsätyövoiman alallapysyvyys 1969—1977.

Permanence of forest labour in Finland 1969—1977.

No 407 Tiihonen, Paavo: Kasvun vaihtelu valtakunnan metsien 6. inventoinnin aineiston perusteella.

Variation in treegrowthinFinlandbasedon the6thNationalForest Inventory.

No 408 Lilja, Arja: Koivun siemenen sienet ja niidenpatogeenisuus.

Fungi onbirch seeds and their pathogenicity.

No 409 Kallio, Tauno & Häkkinen, Risto: Juurikäävän (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.) ja Pblebia gigantean (Fr.) Donk vaikutuspellolle istutettujenkuusen, männyn, terva

lepänja rauduskoivun taimienpituuskasvuun ja

elossapysymiseen.

Effectof Heterobasidionannosumand Phlebia gigantea infectionon the height growth and survivalrate of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Alnus glutinosa and Betula pendula seedlings

planted

on old fields.

No 410 Kärkkäinen, Matti:Kuitupuunkiintomittaus kourakasoissa.

Measurementof solid volumeof pulpwood grapple heaps.

No411 Huttunen, Terho: Suomen

puunkäyttö,

poistuma ja metsätase 1977—79.

Woodconsumption,totaldrain andforest balance inFinland, 1977—79.

No 412 Raitio, Hannu: Boorin puutteesta aiheutuva männyn kasvuhäiriö metsitetyllä suo pellolla. Oireiden kuvaus ja tulkinta.

Growth disturbances of Scots pine caused

by

boron deficiency on an afforested abandoned peatland field. Description and interpretation of symptoms.

No413 Kellomäki, Seppo & Salmi, Juhani: Koivuvaneritukkienkuorenmäärä.

Bark quantity of birch logs.

No414 Paavilainen, Eero: Jatkolannoitus runsastyppisillä rämeillä.Ennakkotuloksia.

Refertilizationonnitrogen-rich pine swamps.

Preliminary

results.

No415 Teivainen, Terttu: Eräiden viljeltyjen pajujen kelpaavuus peltomyyrälle (Microtus agrestis L.) ruokintakokeiden mukaan.

Palatibility of some cultivatedwillows to fieldvoles (Microtusagrestis L.) infeeding trials.

No 416 Veiling, Pirkko: Puuaineentiheys kahdessa rauduskoivun jälkeläiskokeessa.

Wooddensity in twoBetula

pendula

Roth progeny trials.

No 417 Mattila, Eero: Kangasmaiden luppometsien ominaisuuksia Suomen poronhoitoalueella 1976—1978.

Characteristics of themineralsoil forests with arboreallichens (Alectoria

, Bryoria and Usnea spp.) in theFinnishreindeermanagementarea, 1976—1978.

No 418 Hakkila, Pentti & Kalaja, Hannu: Harvesting fuel chips with the Pallari swath harvester.

1980

Polttopuunkorjuu Pallarin leikkuuhakkurilla.

No 419 Kinnunen, Kaarlo & Lemmetyinen, Markku: Paakkukoon vaikutus männyn taimien alkukehitykseen

Initial development ofcontainerized pine seedlings asaffected by the size ofearthball.

No 420 Keipi, Kari & Laakkonen, Olavi: Päätehakkuuikäisten metsiköiden urealannoituksen kannattavuusvertailuja.

Profitability comparisonsofureafertilizationinold stands.

No 421 Lipas, Erkki & Levula, Teuvo:Urealannoituseri vuodenaikoina.

l/rea fertilizationat differenttimes of the year.

No422 Weissenberg,Kirn, yon&Kurkela, Timo

(Eds.):

Proceedings of the meetingon the lUFRO Working Party 52.05—05, Resistance in pines to Melampsora pinitorqua, June 1979,

Suonenjoki,

Finland.

lUFRO:n

työryhmän

52.05—05,

Versoruosteenkestävyys

männyssä, kesäkuussa 1979 Suonenjoellapidetynkokouksen esitelmät.

No423 Kylmänen, Pekka: Ennakkotuloksia nuorissa männyn siemenviljelyksissä syntyvän Pohjois-Suomix Etelä-Suomi-kaukoristeytyssiemenen käyttömahdollisuuksista.

Preliminary results concerning usability of NorthFinland x SouthFinland hybrid seed born in young Scotspine seedorchards.

No 424 Sievänen, Risto: A preliminary simulationmodelfor annual photosyntheticproduction and growth inashortrotation plantation.

Alustava

lyhytkiertoviljelmän

vuotuisen fotosynteesin tuotoksen ja kasvun simulointi malli.

Myynti Available for sale at: Valtionpainatuskeskus, Annankatu 44, 00100 Helsinki 10, p. 17341 Merkintä ODC tarkoittaa metsäkirjallisuuden kansainvälistä

Oxford-luokitusjärjestelmää.

ISBN 951-40-0435-3 1280006175 ISSN 0015-5543

Viittaukset

LIITTYVÄT TIEDOSTOT

In the flow of the entire model, canopy structure, root biomass, and root respiration are updated every six weeks so that its changing effects on photosynthetic photon flux

species for energy production in Finland. Due to low concentrations of K and P in the residual peat, however, improvement of soil nutrient status is usually required. We studied

The comparison of the simulation results showed that Motti predicted up to 20 per cent and 9 per cent higher mean annual timber production (m 3 ha −1 a −1 ) for spruce and pine

Tree management also influences chemical composition of fodder; for example, management by short rotation coppicing produces fresh growth with a high leaf-to-stem ratio, low in

As a part of the study, an extensive individual tree data set and permanent sample plot data set were used to develop tree-level volume models, taper curve models and stand-level

relation to the initial) and b) in nitrogen concentra- tion in the fine roots of Salix spp. and α-cellulose during decomposition from August 1998 till August 1999. The substrates

A 3D L-system based model of parthenium weed canopy architectural development has been created to provide a tool for simulation and visualization of the growth of

4 Results 37 4.1 Simulation model for surface and bulk damage in silicon strip detectors 37 4.2 Simulation study of a thin p-on-p pixel