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Colour Ascetism and Synthetist Colour : Colour Concepts in turn-of-the-20th-century Finnish and European Art

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Art History

Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies University of Helsinki

COLOUR ASCETISM AND SYNTHETIST COLOUR

COLOUR CONCEPTS IN TURN-OF-THE-20TH-CENTURY

FINNISH AND EUROPEAN ART

Anna-Maria von Bonsdorff

ACADEMIC DISSERTATION

To be publicly discussed, by due permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki in the Arppeanum Auditorium

on the 6th of June, 2012 at 12 o’clock Helsinki 2012

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Opponent

Professor Bettina Gockel, University of Zurich

Front cover

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3

CONTENTS

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...7

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...9

INTRODUCTION ... 15

1. Colour Ascetism and Synthetist Colour in Focus ... 15

1.1 On the Dissertation ... 21

1.2 Sources ...23

2. Methodological Framework and Artists’ Interest in Colour ...29

2.1 Tradition and Innovation ...37

2.2. Colour Theories and Colour Histories ... 41

3. Main Concepts: Colour Ascetism and Synthetist Colour ...53

4. Finnish Art in the 1890s ...77

PART I ...99

2. SOURCES OF COLOUR ... 101

2.1 The Pursuit of Archaic and Timeless Art ... 107

2.2 Colour Ascetism ... 126

2.2.1. New aesthetics for mural art – Pierre Puvis de Chavannes ....126

2.2.2 Tonality – James McNeill Whistler ... 133

2.2.3 Contrasts – Édouard Manet ...144

2.2.4 Monochromatic – Eugène Carrière ...151

2.3 Synthetist Colour ... 156

2.3.1 Surnaturelle Colour – Paul Gauguin ... 156

2.3.2 The Nabi Group – Maurice Denis, Paul Sérusier and Jan Verkade ... 167

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4

PART II ... 179

3. COLOUR AND EARLY MODERNISM IN FINLAND ... 181

3.1. The Past as a Destination ... 191

3.1.1 The Cradle of Innovation – the Louvre ...196

3.1.2 Consciousness of time, form and colour ... 204

3.2 Synthetist Colour ... 229

3.2.1 Paul Gauguin’s Academie Viti 1894 – Väinö Blomstedt and Pekka Halonen ...233

3.2.2 Paradise Lost and Sacred Nature – Väinö Blomstedt, Axel Gallén, Pekka Halonen and Eero Järnefelt ... 242

3.3 Colour Ascetism ...265

3.3.1 Subjectivity and Intimacy – Magnus Enckell, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Ellen Thesleff ...272

3.3.2 The Spiritual and Melancholic Landscape – Magnus Enckell, Pekka Halonen, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Ellen Thesleff ... 292

4. Conclusion ... 308

SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 313

ABBREVIATIONS ...313

LITERATURE ... 317

INDEX ...333

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5 HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO – HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET – UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI +-/***;%-* ( *<= "*<%---"*>

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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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AXEL GALLÉN

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En Saga (Jean Sibelius and Fantasy Landscape)&

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Defence of the Sampo&

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Lemminkäinen’s Mother&

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PEKKA HALONEN Self-Portrait&

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After the Music Lesson &

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Rowan Tree&

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Winter Day &

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Winter Landscape&

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Washing on the Ice&

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EERO JÄRNEFELT

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HELENE SCHJERFBECK Cypresses, Fiesole &

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Going to Church ^&

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Seamstress “&

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ELLEN THESLEFF Aspens&

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Violinist &

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Portrait of the Artist’s Mother&

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13

32. Ellen Thesleff Violinist (1896). Oil on canvas, 40 x 44 cm, Ateneum Art Museum, Finnish National Gallery. Photo: Hannu Aaltonen/

Finnish National Gallery, CAA

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(15)

INTRODUCTION

1. COLOUR ASCETISM AND SYNTHETIST COLOUR IN FOCUS

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After witnessing them in the works already at the turn of the 20th century, mid-century and late 20th century positions specifically influence Toivonen’s iconography and

• Angulo and Serra: Modelling and segmen- tation of colour images in polar represen- tations. Image and Vision

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Although discussions concerning the art of tattooing with needles and colour have occurred in most societies and cultures, from Greco-Roman antiquity until today, in terms of

We want to colour the squares in the grid using colours A, B, C and D in such a way that neighbouring squares do not have the same colour (squares that share a vertex are

In each move it is allowed to change the colour of any three consecutive cells in a row or in a column to the opposite colour (i.e. white cells become black and black ones

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In the list and colour naming tasks 68 subjects named 5876 colour terms of which 1014 were different. In the list task there were 1506 terms offered in total, out of which 332