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Cultures Death and Dying in Medieval and Early Modern Europe

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List of Illustrations

Cover

Master of the Chronique scandaleuse (French, active about 1493–1510): Denise Poncher before a Vision of Death, about 1500, Tempera colors, ink and gold on parchment. Leaf: 13.3 x 8.7 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 109, fol. 156. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Introduction, Mia Korpiola and Anu Lahtinen

Picture 1. Unknown maker, German: The Virgin and Saint John, from a Crucifixion, ca. 1420, Dark brown vitreous paint, coloured pot metal and clear glass, silver stain, 58.5 x 50 x 1 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 2. Unknown painter: Wheel of Fortune. Fifteenth-century wall painting, Church of Birkerød, Denmark. Photo by Mia Korpiola.

Picture 3. Master of the Dresden Prayer Book or workshop (Flemish, active about 1480–1515): The Three Living and the Three Dead, about 1480–1485. Tempera colours and gold on parchment, 20.5 x 14.8 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 23, fol. 146v. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 4. Master of Guillaume Lambert (French, active about 1475–1485): Burial, 1478 (based on date included in Easter calculation). Tempera colours, gold paint, and iron gall ink on parchment bound between pasteboard covered with brown jansenist morocco. Leaf: 14.6 x 9.8 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 10, fol. 116. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

The Remembrance of the Deceased in the Traditional Polish Culture of the Middle Ages, Beata Wojciechowska

Picture 1. Bernardo Cavallino (Italian, 1616–1656): The Shade of Samuel Invoked by Saul, about 1650– 1656. Oil on copper, 61 x 86.4 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

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Picture 2. Workshop of Gerard Horenbout (Flemish, 1465–1541, active 1487–ca.

1520): Initial G: Souls in Purgatory, ca. 1500. Tempera colours and gold paint on parchment, 15.2 x 11.1 cm. The Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. Ludwig IX 17, fol. 67. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 3. Taddeo Crivelli (Italian, died ca. 1479, active ca. 1451–1479): Initial D:

A Skull in a Rocky Field, ca. 1469. Tempera colours, gold paint, gold leaf, and ink on parchment. Leaf: 10.8 x 7.9 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms.

Ludwig IX 13, fol. 106. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Deviant Burials: Societal Exclusion of Dead Outlaws in Medieval Norway, Anne Irene Riisøy

Picture 1. Unknown: A Massacre of Family Members, about 1460–1470. Tempera colors, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment. Leaf: 17.6 x 11.4 cm. The J.

Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 68, fol. 21. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 2. Anonymous miniatyrist: Decapitation scene from a French history of Alexander the Great, a version of the Gesta Alexandri Magni by Quintus Curtius Rufus, ca. 1470s. Tempera colours, gold paint and ink on parchment. Book collection of Skokloster Castle, Sweden. With the kind permission of the Skokloster Collection, Sweden – thanks to Monica Sargren.

Picture 3. Follower of Hans Schilling (German, active 1459–1467) from the Workshop of Diebold Lauber (German, active 1427–1467): Burial Scene, 1469.

Ink, coloured washes, and tempera colors on paper, 28.6 x 20.3 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. Ludwig XV 9, fol. 123. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 4. Agostino dei Musi, called Veneziano (Italian, ca. 1490–after 1536) after Rosso Fiorentino (Italian, 1494–1540): Allegory of Death and Fame (or The Skeletons), 1518. Engraving, 31.3 x 51.1cm. Yale University Art Gallery, 1966.94.

With the kind permission of the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

Parental Grief and Prayer in the Middle Ages: Religious Coping in Swedish Miracle Stories, Viktor Aldrin

Picture 1. Attributed to Anovelo da Imbonate (Italian (Lombard), active around 1400): The Mother of Allegranzia Appealing to Saints Aimo and Vermondo to Save Her Child, about 1400, Tempera colors, gold leaf, and ink on parchment. Leaf: 25.6 x 18.4 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 26, fol. 8v. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

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Picture 2. Gerbrand van den Eeckhout (Dutch, 1621–1674): Hagar Weeping, early 1640s. Oil on canvas, 76.2 x 68.6 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 3. Anonymous German painter: Posthumous portrait of Hannibal Gustav Wrangel af Salmis (1641–1643), age 16 months, on his lit de parade, 1643. Oil on canvas, 91.0 x 78.0 cm. Skokloster Castle, Sweden, 11690. With the kind permission of the Skokloster Collection, Sweden.

Picture 4. Attributed to Anovelo da Imbonate (Italian/Lombard), about 1400: Leone Otasso and His Wife Presenting Their Sick Son to Saints Aimo and Vermondo.

Tempera colours, gold leaf, and ink on parchment. Leaf: 25.6 x 18.4 cm. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 26, fol. 9. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 5. Attributed to Anovelo da Imbonate (Italian/Lombard), about 1400.

Tempera colours, gold leaf, and ink on parchment. Leaf: 25.6 x 18.4 cm. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 26, fol. 9. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Transforming the Investment in the Afterlife: Readings of the Poem De Vita Hominis in Pre-Reformation and Post-Reformation Denmark,

Eivor Andersen Oftestad

Picture 1. Workshop of Gerard Horenbout (Flemish, 1465–1541, active 1487–ca.

1520): Initial O: A Woman on her Deathbed with the Virgin and Child and Devils, about 1500, Tempera colours and gold paint on parchment. Leaf: 15.2 x 11.1 cm.

The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. Ludwig IX 17, fol. 54. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 2. Follower of Hans Schilling (German, active 1459–1467) from the Workshop of Diebold Lauber (German, active 1427–1467): The Last Judgment, 1469, Ink, coloured washes, and tempera colors on paper, 28.6 x 20.3 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. Ludwig XV 9, fol. 93. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 3. Unknown: Purgatory, illustration from Der Seelen-Wurzgarten, 1483.

Woodcut, handcoloured, 24.6 x 17.3 cm. Yale University Art Gallery, 1985.29.2.

With the kind permission of the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

Picture 4. Master of Sir John Fastolf (French, active before about 1420–about 1450): Mass for the Dead, about 1430–1440. Tempera colours, gold leaf, and ink on parchment, 12.1 x 9.2 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 5, fol.

170v. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

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Dicing towards Death: An Oracle Game for Miners at the Falun Copper Mine from the Early Seventeenth Century, Iris Ridder

Picture 1. Title page, Gisle Jacobson, A small pastime (Ett litet Tidhfördriff), Stockholm 1613. With the kind permission of the National Library of Sweden, Stockholm.

Picture 2. Oracle game text, Gisle Jacobson, A small pastime (Ett litet Tidhfördriff), Stockholm 1613. With the kind permission of the National Library of Sweden, Stockholm.

Picture 3. Hans Ranie: Mine map of Stora Kopparberget (Karta över Stora Kopparberget), 1683. Photography by Birger Roos. With the kind permission of Stora Enso AB’s archive, Archive Centre in Dalarna, Sweden.

Picture 4. Jacques Callot (French, 1592–1635): La pendaison (The Hanging), 1633. Engraving 11 in the series “Les Misères et les Malheurs de la Guerreˮ (“The Miseries and Misfortunes of Warˮ). Source: Wikimedia Commons.

“To Help the Deceased Guild Brother to His Grave”: Guilds, Death and Funeral Arrangements in Late Medieval and Early Modern Norway, ca.

1300–1900, Håkon Haugland

Picture 1. Willem Vrelant (Flemish, d. 1481, active 1454–1481): Mass for the Dead, early 1460s. Tempera colours, gold leaf, and ink on parchment. Leaf: 25.6 x 17.3 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. Ludwig IX 8, fol. 189. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 2. Spitz Master (French, active about 1415–1425): A Burial, about 1420, Tempera colors, gold, and ink on parchment. Leaf: 20.2 x 14.9 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms. 57, fol. 194. With the kind permission of the J.

Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Picture 3. Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471–1528): Death of the Virgin, from The Life of the Virgin, 1510. Woodcut, 29.6 x 21.1cm. Yale University Art Gallery, 1956.16.2r.

With the kind permission of the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

Picture 4. Workshop of the Bedford Master (French, active first half of fifteenth century): A Burial, about 1440–1450. Tempera colours, gold leaf, gold paint, and ink on parchment, 23.5 x 16.4 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, Ms.

Ludwig IX 6, fol. 133. With the kind permission of the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

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Post-Mortem – an Afterword, Ditlev Tamm

Picture 1. Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471–1528): Knight, Death and the Devil, 1513. Engraving, 24.4 x 18.8 cm. Yale University Art Gallery, 1925.59. With the kind permission of the Yale University Art Gallery.

Picture 2. David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl (1629–1698, German, active in Sweden) and David von Krafft (1655–1724, German, active in Sweden): Posthumous portrait of King Charles XI of Sweden (1655–1697, r. 1660–1697) on his lit de parade, 1697.

Oil on canvas, 91.5 x 71.5 cm. Skokloster Castle, Sweden, 11733. With the kind permission of the Skokloster Collection, Sweden.

List of Contributors

Godfried Maes (Flemish, 1649–1700): Man on his Deathbed with Priest and Others, n.d. Brush and gray ink and gray wash, 18.1 x 14.4cm. Yale University Art Gallery, 1961.64.45. With the kind permission of the Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven.

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