JOURNAL
OFTHESCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OFFINLAND Maataloustieteeilinen A ikakauskirjaVoi. S4:371-383, 1982
The efficiency of dolomitic limestone, basic slag and peat
ash as liming agents, and as calcium and magnesium
sources for turnip rape
RAILI JOKINEN
University of Helsinki, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, 00710 Helsinki 71, Finland
Abstract. Incubation andpotexperimentswerecarriedoutonmuddyfine sand and fine sand soilsto
determine
the efficiency
of dolomitic limestone and of industrial by-products,basic
slagandpeatash,as limingagents.Calciticlimestonewas usedasreference material.Inthe incubationexperiment 0, 0.6, 1.2and
2,4gcalciticlimestone
wereappliedto390g(muddyfine
sand)or360g(fine sand)ofair-drysoil. Theamountof otherliming agents addedwas2.4 g. In
the
potexperiment the weightsof soil were3.9 kg (muddy finesand)and3.6kg
(fine sand)and24 g ofliming
agent wasapplied.
Theturniprape (Brassica campestrisv.oleifera f.
annua cv.Candle)wasgrownintwo growingseasonsand the
cropswerecut attheflowering stage.In
both
experimentsthe soils
weresampledfor
analysisafter four and
sixteenmonths.
The
acidityof
the soils wasneutralizedwith the
liming agentstothe sameextentinthe potandthe incubation
experiments.The
increases in pH(CaCh)obtained
inthe
incubation experimentwith2.4 g limingagentswere on themuddyfine sand andfine
sand for calciticlimestone
2.0and
1.4,for dolomitic limestone
1.5and 1.1,for
peatash
0.3and
0.2,for basic slag
0.8and
0.6,respectively. Atthe
end of the incubation 2.4gof dolomitic
limestone,peatash and basic
slaghad increased the pH(CaCl
2)of the
soilstothesame extent as 1.7g,0.4gor0.8g
of calcitic
limestone,respectively.The
proportionof
non-exchangeable CaatpH 7of theamountadded in2.4glimingagents wasfor
calcitic
limestone
14and
23 %,for dolomitic limestone
42and
52%,for
peatash
27and 51 %,and for basic slag 59and
64 %,inthe
muddyfinesand
andfine
sand soils,respectively.Of the
Mg added indolomitic
limestone,about45 % wasnon-exchangeable, andinbasig slag about65%.Inthepotexperiment
about
13%(averageof the
twosoils)of
the Caapplied incalcitic limestonewas notfound
inturniprape or asneutral1Mammoniumacetateextractablefrom the soil. The
corresponding valuefor dolomitic limestone
was 41%,for
peatash
45%andfor
basicslag65%.TheMg applied inthe limingagentsbutnotfoundinturniprape orinthe
soil amounted to42%fordolomitic
limestone,74% for peatash and 67% for basic slag.The
efficiencyof basic
slagas alimingagentwillbe
overestimatedifit is measuredbythe
amountof
acid
neutralized
orbythecontentof Ca andMg(Ca+ I.6sxMg)solublein 1 M HCI.Theamountof Casoluble
in1 M HCI,alone,mayprovide
abetter,though
notgood,measureofthe
neutralizing abilityof basic
slag.Introduction
Calcitic and dolomitic limestones
arethe
mostwidely used liming
agentsin Finnish agriculture. Basic slags, by-products of the iron and steel industry,
have
alocal
use.In future peat will be used
as afuel in power plants and the supply of peat ash
toagriculture
canbe expected
toincrease.
The original Bessemer process gave basic slag with
ahigh
contentof phosphorus (Thomas slag) and its main
usein agriculture
was as aphos- phorus fertilizer. Recent developments in the process
aredesigned
topro-
duce slags of low phosphorus
content(BROWN and THATCHER 1969) and the basic slags
are nowprincipally only liming agents.
The efficiency of basic slag and peat ash
asliming agents has been little studied. NORRMAN (1978) supposed silicatic liming agents (slags)
tobe able
to
neutralize the acidity of soil equivalently
tocarbonatic
agents(limestones) if the total
contentof Ca in the slag
was over30
%.The results of BUCHER
(1951) revealed that in acid soil the neutralizing capacity of slag
wasweaker than that of calcitic limestone when both
wereground
tothe
samefineness.
The purpose of the
presentinvestigation
was tostudy the effects of fine
ground basic slag and peat ash
onthe pH(CaCl
2), onthe effective cation exchange capacity and
onneutral 1 M ammonium
acetateextractable Ca, Mg
and K
contentsof
twoacid soils in incubation and pot experiments, and
tocompare the effects with those of calcitic and dolomitic limestones. The
availability of Ca, Mg and K of these liming agents for turnip rape (Brassica campestris v. oleifera f. annua)
wasstudied in the pot experiment.
Materials and methods
Two
topsoils
(volume 500 1)were taken from the cultivated area of theViikkiExperimental Farm (Universityof
Helsinki)for theexperiments.Bothsoils
wereacidic,the
maindifference
beingthe highercontent oforganic carbon in the fine sand (Table 1).The muddyfine sand was a post glacial deposit (Littorina Sea) nearthe Gulf of Finland.
Calcitic
anddolomitic
limestones (here referred to as lime and dolomite, resp.) were commercial Finnishproducts.
Basicslag (slag)wasprocessslag
from the ironindustry,cooled withwaterandground.Peat ash(ash)
from
a peatpowerplant
was a grateash,containing63%sand. Theproperties of theliming agents arepresented
inTable 2.The pot experimentwasperformed in Mitscherlich-pots in the years 1980 and 1981. Thepots were kept out
of doors
in a netwalledhall provided with
apolycarbonate roof.
Between the two growing seasonsthe
pots werecovered.
Each
potwasfilled with4.5kgof moist soil(in air-drystatetheweightofmuddyfine sand3.9kgand finesand
3.6kg),
and the soil treated with24 gof
limingagentandthe
followingamounts of nutrients:1000 mg N as NH4N03, 400 mgP and 1000mgK asK2HP04, 10mg B as H3B03, 15mg Cu as CuS04-5H20, 10mg MnasMnS04-4H20, 10mgZnasZnS04-7H20and 5mg MoasNa2Mo04-2H20.
The nutrient tretment in
the second
spring wasthe same asin the first.Liming treatments weremadein thefirst
spring only. Inadditiontothe limed soils theexperiment included control soils without added limingagents.All
treatmentswererepeated
four times.Turniprape (cult. Candle) was sown at adensity of 20 seeds per pot twodays after liming and fertilization.Twenty days aftergermination theplants werethinned tonine. The cropswerecutinthe
first
yearattheend of flowering and
inthesecond
yearatthebeginning of flowering.
The incubation
experimentwasperformed
in Vi 1 plasticpots,into each of which450gofsoil(inair-dry
state390g ofmuddyfine sand and 360gof fine
sand)wasweighed.
The following limingtreatments weremade:noliming, 0.6g, 1.2gor2.4 gof lime, 2.4 gof dolomite, 2.4 gofash and2.4gof slag.The soils weresupplementedwith nutrientsN, P, K, B,Cu,Mn, Znand Moinamounts 1/10 of thoseapplied inthe potexperiment.The soil moisturewasregulated with de-ionized water to25%of theair-dry soil and maintainednearthis level withmonthly waterings.The incubationwascontinued for16months. For four months(May-August 1980) thepotswere outdoors inthenethall, forthe
nexteight monts(SeptemberTable I.Theproperties
of the soils
Muddy Fine
fine
sandsand
Particle
size distribution,%<2 pun 22 23
2-20 pun 19 12
20-200pun 57 58
>2OOpun 2 7
Org.C,% 3.0 6.4
pH(CaCl
2) 4.8 4.8Exchangeable (pH 7) cations,me/kg
soil
Ca2+ 56 95
Mg2+ 13 9
K+ 6 9
Na+ 3 2
Effective cation exchange capacity,
me/kg soil
76 1021M
KCI extractable
(Al+H),me/kg
soil
9 7Table
2. Liming materialsCalcitic Dolomitic
Peat Basiclimestone limestone ash slag
(lime) (dolomite) (ash) (slag)
Acid neutraliced
equivalent
to Ca, % 39.4 37.2 9.6 31.11 M
HCI soluble
Ca, % 37.0 18.6 5.5 20.6
Mg, % 1.1 10.8 0.5 5.6
K, % 0.04 0.12 0.24 0.47
Neutralizing ability
Ca4-I.6sxMg, % 38.8 36.4 6.3 29.8
Sieve
analyses,
%<0.125mm 5.4
0.125—0.250mm 50.9
0.250-0.500mm 13.8
0.500-1.000mm 28.6
>l.OOO mm 1.3
1980-April
1981)inside
at constant temperature +5 °C, andduring the
finalfour months
(May-August 1981)againoutdoors. Each
potwas coveredwith perforated plastic film and
allthe
pots togetherwith blackplasticfilm, as ashelteragainstthe light.Analyses:
The
limingagents wereanalyzedfor
1MHCIsoluble Ca, MgandK, and the’’neutralizingability”
Ca+ I.6sxMg wascalculated
inpercent. Theamount(me)of
1 MHCIneutralized withthe
liming
agents wasalso determined and calculatedasCa%.Theslag
wassieved and the sandcontentof the peatash
was weighed.After harvesting, the plant material
waskept
at60°C untildryand then heated
at 105°C two hours.For
the analyses the plant material
wasground with
aWilley-mill.Wetcombustion
procedure withthe acid
mixture HCIO, : H2SO, : HNO,(1:2.5:10) wasperformed (SCHARRERand
MUNK 1956),The total
contents
of
Ca and Mgweredetermined
by atomic absorptionspectrophotometry
(Varian 1000) withinterference element
La and total contentof
Kwasdetermined by flame photometry
(Lange,model
6).The soils
of the
pot experiment weresampled shortly after the
two harvestingsand those
of theincubation
experimentatequivalent
times(after4and 16months
incubation).The neutral
1 Mammonium acetateextractable (exchangeable
inpH 7)Ca,Mgand
Kcontents (methoddescribedby JOKINEN 1981),the effective
cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and 1 MKCI extractable
(Al+H)content(KAILA 1971), andthe pH(CaCl
2) weredetermined
fromair-drysoils.Statistics:
The significant differences between the
limingtreatmentswereestimated by
Duncan’s newmultiple
range test(STEELand TORRIE 1960). Inthe tables the results of individual soils signified
withacommon letter donot
deviate significantly
(P=0.05).Results
Incubation experiment
The increases in pH(CaCl
2)obtained with the three levels of lime seemed
to
be
alittle lower in fine sand soil than in muddy fine sand (Table 3). This
wasprobably because of the higher organic carbon
contentof the fine sand.
On the basis of the pH(CaCl
2)values obtained without liming and with
three levels of lime,
a’’neutralizing line”
wasdrawn. The equivalent
amountsof lime giving the
samepH(CaCl
2) as2.4 g other liming agents
werethen
Table 3. The
pH(CaCl
2), the ECEC (me/kg soil), the 1 M KCI extractable Al+H (me/kg soil) and exchangeable (pH 7) Ca and Mg (mg/kg soil) inthe soils withoutliming and with fourliming agentsafter four and sixteen months incubation.Incubation time, months
4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16 4 16
ECEC Al+H Ca Mg K
pH(CaCl2 ) me/kgsoil me/kgsoil mg/kgsoil mg/kgsoil mg/kgsoil Muddy
fine
sandNoliming 4.3* 4.4* 82* 80* 15.0f 15.4* 1113* 1166* 166* 166*
486 c 449
dLime 0.6g 5.1* 5.0* 96* 97* 5.1d 4.9' 1600 d 1720b 176* 177b 439*b 428b* Lime 1.2 g 5.7* 5.6' UT- 120** 3.0* 2.8* 2063' 2281* 180* 182b 447b 415*b Lime 2.4 g 6.5* 6.4* 143' 150* 1.2* 1.6* 2758 d 3132d 175* 177b 413* 409*
Dolomite 2.4 g 5.9' 5.9’ 118d 125' 2.2b 2.3b 1627d 1826 b 449* 527d 442*b 424*b* Ash 2.4g 4.6 b 4.7b 87b 87b 9,9' 9,2f 1253 b 1413* 171* 182 b 477* 456d Slag 2.4 g 5.1* 5.2d 97* 101* 5.1d 3.8d 1494* 1685b 271b 288* 462b* 439*d Fine sand
Noliming 4.4* 4.5* 117* 119* 12.0' 11.4* 1731’ 2043* 120* 141* 631 b 567*
Lime 0.6 g 5.0* 4.9b 139* 136* 5.2* 5.2d 2256* 2556* 126* 139* 584* 566*
Lime 1.2g 5.4 d 5.3d 161d 160' 4.2b* 3.7b 2779d 3101 d 132* 144*b 606*b 563*
Lime 2.4 g 5.9
1
5.9f 197' 190* 2.6* 2.7* 3747* 3935' 140* 147** 612*b 570*Dolomite 2.4g 5.5' 5.6' 157d 1671 3.4*b 3.3b 2324' 2642* 411* 520 d 587* 564’
Ash 2,4g 4.6b 4.8b 125b 124b 10.0d B.l' 2006b 2223b 131* 147b 632b 577*
Slag 2.4 g 5.0* 5.1* 138* 145d 5.6' 4.5* 2163* 2538* 217b 265* 605*b 574*
read from the line. After 16 months incubation the following increases in pH(CaCl
2)and lime equivalents
werefound:
Muddy fine sand Fine sand
Increase Equivalent Increase Equivalent
in
pH(CaCl
2) lime g inpH(CaCl
2)lime
gDolomite 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.8
Ash
0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4Slag
0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8For equal increases in pH(CaCl
2) onboth soils the
amountof dolomite needed
wasabout 40
%higher than the
amountof lime, the
amountof ash
about sevenfold the
amountof lime and the
amountof slag about threefold the
amountof lime.
When the
amountof acid neutralized by lime (as Ca,
%),the neutralizing ability (Ca
+I.6sxMg,
%)and the 1 M HCI soluble Ca
content(Ca,
%)of the lime
areeach indicated by 100, the respective properties of the other liming agents obtained
arethe values given below. The increases in pH(CaCl
2)obtained with 2.4 gof liming agents
areshown in columns 4 and
5.
Acid
Soluble
in 1 MHCI Increases in pH(CaCl2)neutral.
Ca+l.6sxMg Ca Muddy FineasCa, % % % fine sand sand
Lime 100 100 100 2.0 1.4
Dolomite 94 94 50 1.5 1.1
Ash 24 16 15 0.3 0.2
Slag 79 77 56 0.8 0.6
In this comparison it
wasassumed that after 16 months incubation all the
lime applied would be reacted in the soil. The difference between the values
determined in the laboratory and measured in the experiment
waslargest for slag. Evidently the
amountof Ca soluble in 1 M HCI is
abetter
measureof the neutralizing ability of the slag than
arethe other properties analyzed. All three methods gave equivalent information for the ash. The differences for dolomite and lime
aresimilar
tothose obtained in earlier studies (JAAKKOLA
and JOKINEN 1980, JOKINEN 1982).
The ECEC
washighest in soils treated with 2.4 g of lime (Table 3). After 16 months the increase in ECEC brought about by 2.4 g of dolomite
wasequivalent
to1.4 g of lime. The corresponding results for ash and slag
were0.3 and 0.75 g, respectively. These values
arethe
meansof the
twosoils, since
there
were nodifferences between them. In muddy fine sand there seemed
tobe
aslight increase in ECEC between 4 and 16 months incubation when the
soil
wastreated with dolomite
orslag. This may point
toaslower dissolution
of these liming
agentsthan of lime and ash.
At the end of the incubation the 1 M KCI extractable (Al+H)
contentof
the soils treated with 2.4 g slag
wasequivalent
to0.9 g of lime, with dolomite equivalent
to1.6 g lime and with ash equivalent
to0.4 g lime. The proportion of Al
tothe (Al+H)
wasin unlimed muddy fine sand about 6
%and in unlimed fine sand about 5
%.In the limed soils the proportion of Al varied from 0.7
%(lime 2.4 g)
to5.2
%(ash 2.4 g).
The efficiency of dolomite, ash and slag
asliming agents relative
tolime, measured
onthe basis of ECEC and of 1 M KCI extractable (AI4-H), corroborates the evaluation made
onthe basis of pH(CaCl
2).In comparison with the original condition, the pH(CaCl
2)of unlimed soils
wasdecreased and the
contentof (AI+H) increased during the incuba-
tion. Further the conductivity in incubated muddy fine sand
was5.5 yu,S and
in fine sand 6.5 yu-S; in the original soils the conductivities
were0.8 yuS, and 0.5 yu,S, respectively. All these changes in soil properties
wereattributable
tothe nutrient
treatments.The exchangeable Ca
contentof the soils when treated with 2.4 g of slag
was
the
same aswith 0.6 g lime (Table 3). On muddy fine sand the ash had
nosignificant effect
onthe Ca
content,and
onfine sand the Ca
content was alittle higher than without liming. Dolomite gave the
sameexchangeable Ca
contents as
0.6 g lime.
At the
most,14
%of the 1 M HCI soluble Ca added in lime
tothe muddy fine sand
wasnon-exchangeable
atthe end of the experiment (Table 4). The corresponding result for the fine sand
was23
%.On both soils the propor- tion of the non-exchangeable Ca of that added in dolomite, ash and slag
wasTable4.The amounts
of
1 MHCI soluble
Caand
Mg (mg/kg soil)addedwith
liming agents and the proportion (%) of thenon-exchangeable (pH 7) cationsinthe soiloutof
theadded
atthe endof
the
incubation
experiment.Calcium Magnesium
Non-exchange-
Non-exchange-Limings Added able(pH7) Added able(pH 7)
mg/kg mg/kg
%mg/kg mg/kg
%Muddy
fine
sandLime 0.6g 569 15 3* 17 6 35‘
Lime 1.2g 1139 24 2“ 34 18 52bc
Lime 2.4g 2277 311 14b 65 54 83d
Dolomite
2.4g 1145 485 42d 662 301 45“bAsh
2.4g 338 91 27' 32 16 50“bSlag 2.4g 1268 749 59' 342 220 64c
Fine
sand
Lime 0.6g 617 104 17“ 18 20 IIId
Lime 1.2g 1233 175 14“ 37 34 92c
Lime 2.4g 2467 575 23“ 73 67 92c
Dolomite
2.4g 1240 641 52b 717 338 47“Ash
2.4g 367 187 51b 35 29 83cSlag
2.4g 1373 878 64b 370 246 67bsignificantly higher than in lime. Over 60
%of the 1 M HCI soluble Ca of slag
wasnon-exchangeable after 16 months incubation.
Equal
amountsof 1 M HCI soluble Mg
wereadded in 2.4 g ash and 1.2 g
lime. At the end of incubation the exchangeable magnesium
contentof these
treatments
did
notdeviate significantly (Table 3). The exchangeable mgnesium
contentof soils limed with slag
waslower than of soils limed with dolomite, since the
amountof 1 M HCI soluble magnesium added
wasabout 50
%of the magnesium added in dolomite.
The increasing
amountof lime (containing 1.1
%Mg) had
nosignificant effect
onthe exchangeable Mg
contentof the soils. The fixation of Mg
tonon-exchangeable form
was notobserved in this incubation experiment. The 0.01 M CaCb extractable Mg decreased with increasing
amountsof lime (results
notpresented).
After four months incubation about 58
%of the Mg applied in dolomite
was
non-exchangeable and after 16 months about 46
%(Table 4). The corresponding figures for slag
were71 and 65
%.In relative
termsthe release of Mg from slag
wasless than from dolomite. The release of Mg took place during the whole experimental period but
wasslower in the period between 4
and 16 months.
The exchangeable (pH 7) K
contentof the soils decreased with increasing
amounts
of lime
as aresult of the fixation
tonon-exchangeable (Table 3). The K applied in slag and ash maintained the K
contentof the soils
atthat level of unlimed soils,
orthese liming
agentsdid
not promotethe fixation of K into
non-exchangeable form.
Pot experiment
The
treatmentswith 24 g of lime, dolomite, ash
orslag did
not causeany significant differences in the yields of turnip rape harvested
atthe flowering stage (Table 5).
Relative
tothe unlimed control slag and ash had
noeffect
onthe Ca
content
of the turnip rape in either year (Table 5). Dolomite
was aseffective
as
lime in increasing the Ca
contentof yields,
exceptin the fine sand in the
second growing
season.The K applied in slag
orash did
not causeany changes in the K
contentof turnip rape (results
notpresented).
The highest Mg
contentof turnip rape
wasobtained with dolomite and
the lowest with lime in both growing
seasons(Table 5). Relative
tothe unlimed control the Mg
contentof plants produced with slag
wassignifi- cantly higher; liming with ash had
noeffect
onthe Mg
contentof turnip rape.
On both soils the Ca uptake by turnip rape (total in
twoyears)
wasalmost the
samewith dolomite and slag (Table 6). All liming agents studied increased the Ca uptake by turnip rape but
mostof all lime. The apparent recovery of the Ca applied in dolomite and slag
waslower than in lime and
ash.
The total
amountof Mg taken up by turnip rape
wasthe
samewithout
Table
5.The yieldsof
turniprapeatthefloweringstage(g/pot),and the totalcontentsof Ca and Mg (mg/gdry
matter) inplant material obtained without
limingand with four liming
agentsin first and second
growing seasons.Yield
g/pot Camg/g Mg mg/gIst 2nd Ist 2nd Ist 2nd
Muddy fine sand
No
liming
33.4' 19.7' 16.2* 16.3'b 2.2ab 2.7bLime 41.0* 23.3' 27.2b 22.1c 1.6' 2.0'
Dolomite 32.4' 19.0' 21.7'b 20.1bc 3.8C 4.9d
Ash
36.6' 22.5' 17.4' 14.1“ 2.1'b 2.2“Slag 36.0' 24.8' 17.9' 15.5' 2.5b 3.1c
Fine
sand
No
liming
30.9' 28.1' 19.7“ 14.0' 1.6“b 1.6'Lime 35.6“ 31.0' 28.8b 18.5b 1.3' 1.4“
Dolomite 34.0' 30.7“ 22.3“b 14.3' 2.9C 3.3C
Ash 36.9' 30.4' 18.2“ 14.9' 1.4' 1.6'
Slag 32.2' 32.4' 21.3' 15.4' 1.9b 2.3b
liming and with lime
orash (Table 6). Turnip rape
was notable
toutilize Mg
applied in these liming agents. The apparent recovery of Mg from dolomite and slag amounted
to3-4
%.The increases in Mg uptake due
toslag and dolomite
weresignificant.
The exchangeable (pH 7) Ca
contentwashighest in the soils treated with
lime because of the
great amountof Ca added in this material (Table 6).
Though dolomite contained
alesser
amountof 1 M HCI soluble Ca than slag, the exchangeable Ca
contentof the soils treated with dolomite
wassignifi- cantly higher.
Neither lime
norash had any effect
onthe exchangeable Mg
contentof the soils (Table 6). The
amountof 1 M HCL soluble Mg added
tothe soils in slag
wasabout 50
%of the
amountadded in dolomite. The increase in exchangeable Mg
contentof the soil
waswith slag about 30
%of the increase obtained with dolomite.
In the pot experiment about 13
%of the Ca added in lime
wasnotfound in the yields
orin exchangeable form in the soil (Table 6
).The corresponding result for dolomite
wasabout 40
%,for ash about 45
%,and for slag about 65
%.
About 43
%of the Mg applied in dolomite, 67
%of that added with slag and 75
%of that added with ash
were notin the yields
orin exchangeable form in the soils.
At the termination of the pot experiment the pH(CaCl
2)of the soils
wasalmost the
same asin the incubation experiment. The
greatestincrease in pH(CaCl
2) wasmeasured in the soils treated with lime and the increase diminished in the order dolomite
>slag> ash (Table 7). The effect of liming agents
onthe pH(CaCl
2)wasweaker
onfine sand soil rich in organic carbon than in muddy fine sand.
The ECEC of muddy fine sand did
notchange upon application of
peatash (Table 7). With other liming agents the increases in ECEC
wereanalo-
gous
tothe increases in pH(CaCl
2) onboth soils.
Table
6.The
amountsof Ca and Mg (mg/kg soil) appliedwithlimingagents,the total CaorMg uptake(mg/kg
soil) by turmiprape,the
exchangeable (pH 7) Caand Mgcontents (mg/kg soil)of the
soils and theproportion (%)
of
added CaorMgnotfound inthe yieldsorexchangeable inthesoils
(=non-exchangeable) atthe endof
thepotexperiment.Calcium
MagnesiumAdded Uptake
Ex- Non-Added Uptake
Ex- Non-in
by
change- ex- inby chhange-
ex-liming
turnipable change- liming
turnipable
change-agents rape (pH 7)
able
agents rape (pH 7) ablemg/kgsoil % mg/kgsoil %
Muddy
fine sand
No
liming
215* 916* 32* 125*Lime 2277 415' 2661' 15* 65 28* 133’ 95'
Dolomite
1145 265b 1542d 41b 662 54' 478' 43*Ash
338 241*b 1073b 46b 32 31* 135* 71bSlag 1268 263b 1295' 66' 342 43b 226b 67b
Fine
sand
No
liming
278* 1705* 26* 98*Lime 2467 432' 3737' 11* 73 24’ 115b 79'
Dolomite
1240 321b 2390d 41b 717 55b 492b 41*Ash 367 310b 1880b 43b 35 27* 106*b 7bu
Slag 1373 326b 2152' 64' 370 37*b 208' 67b
Table
7.The
pH(CaCl2),ECEC(me/kg soil)and
1 MKCI
extractable (Al+H)content(me/kg soil)of the soils without limingandwith four
liming agentsatthe endof
the potexperiment.Muddy fine sand Fine sand
pH(CaCl
2 ) ECEC (Al+H) pH(CaCl2) ECEC (Al+H)me/kg soil me/kg soil
Noliming 4.3a 71“ 18.0C 4.6* 98“ 12.5'
Lime 6.6' 128d 1.7* 6.1' 170' 2.7*
Dolomite
6.1d 111' 2.8“5.7*
148d 3.5bAsh
4.7b 71* 12.0bc 4.8b 103b 8.8dSlag
5.3' 88b 5.0*b 5.2' 119' 4.9'Discussion
In slag the Ca
content,indicating the
amountof acid neutralized,
wasabout 79
%of the
contentin line and about 84
%of the
contentin dolomite.
In both the incubation and pot experiments the increases in pH(CaC
2)obtained with slag
werelower than expected
onthe basis of the laboratory analysis. The
contentof Ca
+I.6sxMg soluble in 1 M HCI did
notgive
abetter estimate for the neutralizing capacity of slag. The methods applied in
Finland
tocarbonatic limestones, when applied
toslag, would appear
tolead
to an
overestimation of its properties. The
amountof Ca soluble in 1 M HCI may be
abetter indicator than the
amountof Ca 4- I.6sxMg
orthe
amountof acid neutralized, though
not agood
one.Certainly the properties of slag
asliming agent should be determined by other methods than
arethe properties of carbonatic limestones. TORSTENSON and ALVELID (1952) have proposed the
useof 0.1 M
or0.05 M HCI.
After
anexperimental period of 16 months about 65
%of the 1 M HCI soluble Ca
orMg added in slag
wasneither in the yields
norin exchangeable form in the soils. The corresponding figure for lime
wasabout 15
%and for dolomite about 35
%.The release of Ca and Mg from slag
wasvery slow in both the pot and incubation experiments and it may be
evenslower in the field.
If
we assumethat the decomposition of slag will continue in the soil
atthe
rate
observed in the pot experiment, the whole
amountof added slag (24 g/
pot) may be decomposed after 40 months. However, NAUMANN (1939) founf that in the soil
acolloidal layer of silicic acid, amorphous oxides and hydroxides forms
onthe surface of the slag particles, causing the decomposi- tion of slag
tobecome slower and slower. Therefore the long-term effect of slag in the soil may fall short of expectation.
For this study the slag
wasground
to afineness such that 98
%passed through 1-mm sieve, and the main fraction 0.125-0.250 mm comprised 51
%.In Finland the regulation is applied that 50
%of limestone should pass through 0.15-mm sieve and 98
% a2-mm sieve. The fraction below 0.3 mm may comprise 70
%(JAAKKOLA and 1980). The slag of this study
was
ground
nearthe
samefineness than the
twolimestones. KAPPEN (1933), BUCHER (1951) and CHICHILO
etal. (1954) studied slag and lime both ground
tothe
samefineness. They observed slag
toneutralize the soil acidity
toa
lesser degree than lime, when the
amountsof
agentadded
weresuch
as tohave equal neutralizing ability. JAAKKOLA (1979) in Finland obtained in field and pot experiments equivalent results
tothese. So far
asthe neutralizing ability of slag is concerned,
ourresults
arein good
agreement aswell.
The
amountof slag recommeded for agriculture should be
atleast threefold the
amountof lime required, if equal increases in pH(CaCl
2)aretobe obtained.
The proportion of non-exchangeable Ca and Mg of that applied in slag
was
alike for both nutrients, revealing that there
were nodifferences in the release of Ca and Mg from the fine ground slag.
The ability of ash
toneutralize the soil
waslow. At the
sametime turnip rape
wasable
totake up
agreater percentage of the Ca applied in ash than of Ca applied in slag. The availability of Mg in ash for turnip rape
wasconsidered non-existent and the proportion of non-exchangeable Mg in the soil remained high.
In this study the exchangeable Mg
contentof the soils gave
noevidence of
the fixation of Mg
tonon-exchangeable form when lime
wasused. In earlier studies (e.g. KAILA 1974, JOKINEN 1981, JOKINEN 1982) such
wasobserved.
However, in comparison with the unlimed control the decreased Mg
contentand Mg uptake by turnip rape and 0.01 M CaCl
2extractable Mg
contentof
the soils indicated that the available Mg
resourcesin the soil for this plant
were
indeed reduced,
eventhough the lime contained Mg.
Acknowledgements: The financialsupport
received from theFoundation for Research
of KemiraOy isgratefully acknowledged.Rautaruukki
Oy providedthe basicslag and the
Cityof
Kuopio (Haapaniemi PowerPlant)the
peatash for this
study.References
BROWN, G. G.&THATCER;K. F.
J.
1967.Theproduction andproperties of basic slag.Proc. Fert.Soc. 96: 1-47.
BUCHER,R. 1951.DieWirkung vongrobemund feinem Hiittenkalk(Hochofenschlacke) auf Boden undPflanzenertrag. Z.Pflanzenern. Diing. Bodenk. 53; 121-143.
CHICHILO,P. P.,ARMIGER,W. H.,SPECHT,A. W. &WHITTAKER,C.W. 1954.Plant nutrients
from
slag.Furnace slagas a sourceof
plantnutrientsand
itseffectiveness relative
tolimestone. J.
Agric.
Food Chem.
2: 458-462.JAAKKOLA,A.1979.Kalkkikivijauheen, dolomiittikalkinjamasuunikuonan
vertailu.
MTTK,Maanvil-
jelyskemian ja -fysiikan laitos Tiedote 10: 1-17.&JOKINEN,R. 1980. Comparisonof fine and coarse
limestones
inpotand fieldexperiments.Ann.Agric. Fenn. 19; 108—124.
JOKINEN,R. 1981.Soilmagnesiumand fertilizermagnesium uptake byryegrasson nine mineral soilsat twoammonium nitrate
levels
11. Magnesiumcontentof
soils. Ann. Agric.Fenn. 20; 244-252.1981. Effect of limingonthe magnesium statusof some mineral soils and the fate of fertilizer magnesium.
J.
Scient.Agric. Soc.Finl. 53: 126-137.1982.
Effect of
liming onthe
valueof
magnesium sulphate and two dolomitic limestones as magnesiumsourcesfor ryegrass.J.
Scient.Agric. Soc.Finl.54: 77-88.KAILA, A. 1971. Effective cation-exchange capasity in Finnish soils.
J.
Scient,Agric. Soc. Finl. 43;178-186.
1974.
Effect of
limingonbasic
exchangeable cationsof
soil.]. Scient.Agric.Soc.Finl. 46: 167-174.KAPPEN, H. 1933.Die landwirtschaftliche
Verwendbarkeit
derHochofenschlacken. Arch. Pflanzenbau
10;87-128.
NAUMANN,G. 1939.Über
die
ZersetzungvonEisenhochofenschlancken. Bodenk. Pflanzenern.
15;74-126.
NORRMAN, G. 1978.Slaggersom kalkningsmedel. Nord.
Jordbr.forskn.
60: 710-711.SCHARRER,K.&MUNK, H. 1956.Zur Methodik dernassenVeraschung inderagrikulturchemischen Analyse. Agrochimica 1: 44-55.
STEEL,R. G. D.&TORRIE, J,H, 1960. Principles andproceduresof statistics. 481 p. New York.
TORSTENSSON, G.&ALVELID, D. S.1952.Omanvändningavmasungnslaggsomkalkningsmedel i jordbruket. Rung. Lantbr.akad. Tidsskrift 91: 57-75.
Msreceived November5, 1982.
SELOSTUS
Dolomiittikalkki, masuunikuona ja turpeen tuhka kalkitusaineina sekä kevätrypsin kalsiumin ja magnesiumin lähteinä
Raili Jokinen
Helsingin ylioppisto, Maanviljelyskemian laitos, 00710 Helsinki
71Dolomiittikalkin,
masuunikuonan ja
turpeentuhkan
arvoa maanhappamuutta
neut-raloivana aineena verrattiin kalkkikivijauheeseen sekä eri kalkitusaineiden vaikutusta
maanvaihtuvan (pH 7) kalsiumin, magnesiumin ja kaliumin pitoisuuteen tutkittiin muhitus- ja astiakokeissa. Kevätrypsin
(Brassica campestris v. oleifera f.
annua;lajike Candle) kykyä käyttää hyväkseen eri kalkitusaineissa tulevaa kalsiumia ja magnesiumia selviteltiin
as-tiakokeessa.
Kalkkikivijauhe ja dolomiittikalkki
2olivat normaaleja kaupan olevia tuotteita. Turpeen tuhka saatiin Kuopion kaupungin Haapaniemen voimalasta. Tämän
ns.arinatuhkan hiek- kapitoisuus oli korkea. Rautaruukki Oy:stä
saatumasuunikuona oli jäähdytetty vedellä ja
jauhettu
niin, että 98 %läpäisi
1 mmseulan. Laboratoriossa määritettiin
1)
kalkitusaineiden neutraloiman hapon määrä (milliekvivalentteina), joka kalsiumiksi
muun-nettuna
ilmoittaa ekvivalenttisen kalsiumpitoisuuden (Ca,
%) 2) 1M HCI liukenevan kalsiumin
määrä(Ca,
%)3)
1M HCI liukenevan kalsiumin ja magnesiumin määrät, joiden perusteella laskettiin kaavan Ca
+l,6sxMg mukainen kalkitusaineiden neutraloiva kyky
(%)Kalkitusaineiden ominaisuudet
onesitetty taulukossa
2.Tutkimuksen kokeet toteutettiin kahdella happamalla maalla, liejuisella hienolla hiedalla ja karkealla hiedalla; kummankin pH(CaCl
2) 4,8.Muhituskokeessa
390 grammaanliejuista hienoa hietaa tai 360 g karkeaa hietaa lisättiin
0,6g,
1,2g tai
2,4gkalkkikivijauhetta,
2,4g dolomiittikalkkia, 2,4 g turpeentuhkaa tai
2,4 gmasuunikuonaa sekä 1/10 astiakokeeseen annettujen ravinteiden
(N,P, K, B, Cu, Mn, Zn,Mo)
määrästä.Kalkitsemattomiin
verran-nemaihin lisättiin vain ravinteet. Maiden kosteus pidettiin
25 %ilmakuivan
maanpainosta koko muhituksen ajan (16 kuukautta). Kasvukausien aikana astiat olivat
ulkona, muttavalolta suojattuina ja talvella
+5°C vakiolämpötilassa.
Kaksi kasvukautta jatkunutta astiakoetta
vartenpunnittiin Mitscherlich-astioihin
3,9kg liejuista hienoa hietaa tai 3,6 kg karkeaa hietaa ja maihin sekoitettiin
24g kalkkikivijauhetta,
dolomiittikalkkia, turpeentuhkaa tai masuunikuonaa. Kokeeseen kuului myös kalkistemat-
tomat verranne
astiat kumpaakin
maata.Välittömästi kalkituksen jälkeen maihin lisättiin ravinteita astiakokeisiin riittäviksi osoittautuneet
määrät.Kevätrypsi kylvettiin aluksi tiheäksi kasvustoksi ja harvennettiin taimelle tulon
jälkeenyhdeksäksi yksilöksi. Sato korjattiin kukintavaiheessa.
Kalkitusaineiden
maanhappamuutta neutraloivaa kykyä verrattiin pH(CaCl
2):n, efektiivi-
senkationinvaihtokapasiteetin ja
1M KCI
uuttuvan(Al+H) pitoisuuden perusteella.
Muhituskokeessa
2,4 gdolomiittikalkkia,
turpeentuhkaa tai masuunikuonaa olivat
samanarvoisia kuin vastaavasti
1,7g, 0,4 gtai
0,8 gkalkkikivijauhetta. Samalla määrällä
(2,4g) eri kalkitusaineita saadut pH(CaCl
2)-luvun muutokset kalkitsemattomaan
verrattunaolivat lie-
juisessa
hienossa hiedassa ja karkeassa hiedassa
seuraavat:Kalkki-
Dolomiitti- Turpeen Masuuni-kivijauhe kalkki
tuhka
kuonaIjHHT 2,0 1,5 0,3 0,8
KHt 1,4 1,1 0,2 0,6
Mikäli eri
kalkitusaineilla halutaan saada
yhtäsuuripH(CaCl
2);nmuutos,dolomiittikalkkia
tulisi käyttää noin 1,4 kertaa, turpeentuhkaa noin 7kertaa
jamasuunikuonaa
noin3kertaa
niin suurimääräkuin
kalkkikivijauhetta.Astiakokeessa
kevätrypsinsadot sisälsivät
vain muutamia prosenttejakalkitusaineina
lisätystä kal- siumista tai magnesiumista. Satojen ottaman ja maassakokeen lopussa
vaihtuvana (pH 7) olevanravinnemäärän summa osoittaa näillä menetelmillä analysoitavissa olleita kalsiumin määriä. Kun kal- kitusaineiden mukana maahanlisätyistäravinnemääristä vähennetään analyyseissä löydetyt määrät, jään- nös osoittaa
uuttumattomaksi maahan
jääneitämääriä. Kalkkikivijauheensisältämästä kalsiumista
oliuuttumattomana
keskimäärin
13 %, dolomiittikalkin kalsiumista 41 %, turpeentuhkan
45 % jamasuunikuonan
65 %. Lisätystä magnesiumistaoli
uuttumattomana 42 % dolomiittikalkilla, 74 % turpeentuhkalla
ja 67%masuunikuonalla käsitellyissä
maissa.Kalkkikivijauheiden ja dolomiittikalkkien neutraloivaa kykyä osoittavien
menetelmien käyttö
masuunikuonan