Finnish climate policy

1

Finnish

climate policy

– towards a low-carbon

and energy-efficient future

Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and

Ministry of Employment and the Economy 2015

2

PART I

Principles of climate policy PART II

Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

PART III

Impacts of climate change

and adaptation to them

3

PART I

Principles of climate policy

4

Climate change is a global problem, and active, shared measures should be taken to mitigate it.

The carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere has increased by 43% since 1750. The reason for this is the use of fossil fuels and deforestation.

As a consequence of the rise in carbon dioxide content, the atmosphere has already grown warmer by 0.85 degrees compared to the preindustrial era.

The oceans have become warmer, snow and ice cover have decreased, and sea levels have risen.The effects are already seen on all the continents.

Climate policy helps in mitigating global warming and adapting to the effects of climate change. Finland’s national climate policy is closely linked to the international agreements on climate change and the shared climate policy of the EU.

The target is to keep the earth’s average temperature from rising more than

2°C

1997

1992 2005 2008 2012

2015

2020

2020 1. velvoitekausi 2. velvoitekausi

Uusi kansainvälinen sopimus 2020 Kioton pöytäkirja

Sitoutuneiden maiden päästöt kattavat alle 15 % maailman kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä

YK:n ilmastosopimus

Why do we need climate policy?

PART I: Principles of climate policy

5 0

20 40 60 80

Waste management Agriculture

Industrial processes

Energy production and consumption

Source-specific greenhouse gas emissions in Finland between 1990 and 2012

million tonnes CO₂e.*

-80–95%

1990 emission level 71.6 Mt CO₂e

2012 20

20 20

30 2040 2050

2010 1990 2000

Million tonnes CO 2e

Finland’s goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80–95%

compared to 1990 levels by 2050

To achieve this goal, significant and comprehensive societal measures are required, especially concerning energy production and consumption.

*Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO₂ units.

PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Statistics Finland and MEE/ Energy and Climate Roadmap 2050

6

Finland has an active role in climate policy

INTERNATIONAL LE EU LEVEL VEL

NATIONAL L EVEL

LOCAL LEVEL municipalities civil society

PART I: Principles of climate policy

INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 Kyoto Protocol, 1997

Objective: United Nations new climate change agreement 2015 EU LEVEL

Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and the EU’s internal distribution of responsibility (effort sharing)

The EU’s shared and coordinated policies

Monitoring system for greenhouse gas emissions EU climate and energy package until 2020 EU climate and energy targets until 2030 Energy roadmap 2050

NATIONAL LEVEL

National climate and energy strategies (2001, 2005, 2008, 2013) Government Foresight Report on Long-term Climate and

Energy Policy (2009)

Energy and Climate Roadmap 2050 (2014) Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2022 (2014) Climate Change Act (2015)

National legislation and other policy instruments, programmes

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1997

1992 2008 2012

2015The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris 2020

2020 1st commitment

period of Kyoto 2nd commitment period of Kyoto

New international agreement Kyoto Protocol

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Total emissions of countries in 2011 (incl. land use sector) Greenhouse gas emissions of countries per capita in 2011

China USA EU28 India Russia China USA EU28 India Russia

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

0 5 10 15 20

tonnes CO 2e/ capita million tonnes CO 2e

All countries to be included in the new climate change agreement

PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: World Resources Institute

7

*Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO₂ units.

PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, the Ministry of the Environment 8

Finland supports the climate measures of developing countries

Climate finance is a key question in international climate change negotiations. The purpose is to share the expenses caused by climate change. This also generates innovations and business.

Finnish climate finance 2013

*Private climate finance includes those direct investments by Finnish companies, such as renewable energy projects in developing countries, which the state has intitiated with support from Finnfund, for instance.

PRIVATE FINANCE*

Estimated €400 million – €1.5 billion PUBLIC FINANCE

€92 million

Cultivation methods Renewable energy

Resource efficiency

Construction and transport Renewab^{le ene}r^gy

Weather stations Resource efficiency Water ^tech

nology Forestation

Weath er stations ADAPTATION 43%

IGITM

57%NIOAT

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Path to the Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015

PART I: Principles of climate policy

The EU reports the emission reduction commitments to which it will commit in Paris (Finland included in the EU commitment)

Large economies are requested to report those climate measures to which they will commit in Paris

Climate change negotiations in Bonn Climate change negotiations in Bonn

Deadline for reporting the national climate measures Climate change negotiations in Bonn

UN synthesis report on the sufficiency of emission reduction commitments for keeping to the target of 2 °C (commitments sent by 1 October)

The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, where the new agreement will be signed

6.3.

31.3.

1.–11.6 31.8.–4.9.

1.10.

19.–23.10.

1.11.

30.11.–11.12.

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at least

-20% -40% -80–95%

by 2020 by 2030 by 2050

The EU has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions

PART I: Principles of climate policy

11

EU’s climate and energy targets for 2020 and 2030

to 20 %

of final energy consumption

to

27 %

20%

compared to the estimated development in 2007

27%

compared to the estimated development in 2007*

2020 2030

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

The share of renewable energy

Improving energy efficiency

at l e a s t

-40%

-20%

PART I: Principles of climate policy

*Indicative target

12

What is included in the EU’s emissions trading system?

Emissions reduction targets for sectors covered by the emissions trading system and sectors not covered.

Emissions trading

production of electricity and district heating, metal processing industry, pulp and paper industry, chemical industry, air traffic and construction industry

Not included in emissions trading

transportation,

some agricultural emissions, use of fuels for the heating of buildings and for transportation, agriculture, and waste management

-16% _{by 2020}

The emissions reduction target for Finland’s emissions from sectors not covered by the emissions trading system, compared to 2020 levels.

-21%

by 2020

The emissions reduction target of the EU’s emissions trading system compared to 2005 levels

Approximately half of Finland’s emissions were covered by the emissions trading system in 2013.

PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Statistics Finland

13

Current emission ceiling The new emission ceiling agreed in the EU’s 2030 package

*1 emission unit = 1 tonne of carbon dioxide Million emission units* MtCO 2

500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500

2010

2005 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

-43%

Emission level 2005

The number of emission allowances decreases annually in the EU’s emissions trading system

PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: EEA 2014

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Improving air quality

Securing ecosystem

services Affordable

housing

Developing new business opportunities

Efficiency of transport Securing food

production

Competitiveness Security of

energy supply

Reducing gr

eenhouse gas emissions

Emissions reduction targets and measures are integrated with several other policy targets

PART I: Principles of climate policy

15

Finland has decoupled greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth

Greenhouse gas emissions have decreased in Finland while the gross national product has increased. Some of the production causing greenhouse gas emissions now takes place abroad, however, and imports have grown. On the other hand, some of Finland’s emissions are generated in the manufacturing of products for export abroad. For example, our paper industry produces paper for 100 million people.

PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Statistics Finland

50%

100%

150%

200%

Gross domestic product

(comparison reference 2010 prices), year 1990 = 100

Greenhouse gas emissions of production

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1990 level

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PART II

Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

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Energy production 35%

Domestic transportation 19%

Industrial production and construction 14%

includes electricity and heat production utilised by industry

Other energy* 9%

Total emissions in 2013:

63.2 million t of CO ₂ e

9% Industrial processes

77% Energy production and consumption

10% Agriculture Waste management 4%

*For example, heating of buildings, agriculture, forestry and fishing industries and associated machinery used in the sectors, other uses of fuel and fugitive emissions of fuels, for example. Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO₂ units.

Most of Finland’s greenhouse gas emissions are generated by energy production and consumption

Emissions can be reduced in all sectors by switching from fossil fuels to emission-free energy sources, by improving energy efficiency and by carbon sequestration.

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland

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Energy production and consumption

In order to achieve the emissions reduction targets, a transition to a

zero-emission energy system by 2050 is needed. Energy must also

be used more efficiently.

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Finland has a diverse energy system

The diversity of energy sources improves the security of supply and enhances the opportunitites to work effectively in changing conditions. The share of renewables and other zero-emission forms of energy is high in Finland in

international comparisons.

Total consumption* of energy in Finland in 2013 In total 381 terawatthours (TWh)

*Total consumption includes the fuels utilised in energy production and processing as well as energy used directly in the final consumption, including transportation fuel and fuels utilised for heating buildings.

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland

Peat 4.1%

Hydro and wind power 3.5%

Wood fuels, in total 24.7%

Others 3.7%

Natural gas 7.8%

Coal 11.0%

Oil 23.1%

Nuclear energy 18.0%

Net imports of electricity 4.1%

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Heating of buildings

46%

Transportation

25% 16%

Others

12%

Most of the energy in Finland is used in industry and for heating buildings

Use of energy can be made more efficient in all sectors, especially in construction, housing and transportation.

In Finland, the industrial sector is already quite energy efficient in its operations, and through this strong energy efficiency competence it is possible to develop and commercialise cleantech solutions.

Sector-specific final consumption of energy in Finland in 2013 In total 308 terawatthours (TWh)

The Others sector includes the use of electricity and fuel by households, the public and private service sector, agriculture and forestry, and in construction operations.

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland

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Bioenergy accounts for 80% of Finland’s renewable forms of energy

Finland is boosting its share of renewable energy by using more wood fuels, in particular. The goal is also to sharply increase the amount of electricity produced through wind power.

Sources of renewable forms of energy in 2013

The share of renewable energy in the final consumption of energy

Share 2013 The EU’s objective for Finland 2020

36.8% 38%

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland, Eurostat

Uusiutuvan energian lähteet 2013

Hydropower11%

Others11%

Other bioenergy (e.g. transport biofuels) 4%

Recycled fuel (bio) 2%

Biogas 0.6%

Heat pumps 4%

Wind power 0.4%

Small-scale use of wood14%

32% Wood fuels from industrial and energy production

33% Waste sludge from the wood processing industry

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Electricity Biofuels forHeat transport and

machinery

Side streams and waste sludge from forestry

Saw dust and bark from sawmills Biowaste

Firewood

Energy plants and other vegetation biomass

Manure

Side streams from the food industry Forest residue

Bionenergy sources in Finland

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

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Sweden Austria

Finland

Denmark Spain EU28 Germany France Great Britain

0 20 40 60 80 100

bioenergy others solar energy

wind power hydropower

24.2%

14.6%

11.8%

10.3%

9%

5%

29.2%

29.6%

34.8%

The share of renewable forms of energy in Finland is one of the highest in the EU countries

Share of renewable forms of energy in total energy consumption in 2013

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Eurostat

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India China World USA Germany Great Britain EU28 Denmark Austria Finland France Sweden Norway

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Sähköntuotannon ominaispäästöt

Electricity produced in Finland has low emissions

Greenhouse gas emissions in electricity production are caused by the use of fossil fuels and peat. The proportion of these in electricity production is globally around 68%, in the EU 49% and in Finland 33%.

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: International Energy Agency IEA

* Average value between 2010 and 2012

Specific emissions of electricity production, gCO₂/kWh*

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Transportation

Transportation emissions are reduced by improving the energy

efficiency of transportation and utilising renewable forms of energy

or electricity instead of fossil fuels.

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Road traffic 89%

Rail traffic 1%

Domestic air traffic 2%

Waterway transport 4%

Machinery 5%

Passenger cars, buses, motorcycles and similar

Vans and trucks 31%

Passenger cars 5%

53%

Road transportation causes the majority of greenhouse gas emissions

Approximately 90 per cent of domestic transportation emissions are caused by road traffic. If international

transportation is examined, the amount of emissions caused by aviation and, in particular, shipping increases. The emissions of international transportation are not currently regulated by international agreements, and are not, therefore, officially monitored.

Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic transportation in 2013

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland

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8%

20%

by 2020

New alternatives to oil can be used as transportation fuels

In transportation, fossil fuels can be replaced by, for example, electricity, hydrogen, liquid biofuels and renewable diesel, i.e. natural gas and biogas.

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland/ Nylund 2015

Carbon dioxide emissions of passenger cars with different fuels (fuel emissions from production to use are included)

Petrol Natural gas Diesel Flexifuel vehicles (high blend ethanol vehicle) Biogas Electric vehicle with a battery, average electricity Renewable diesel/waste grease Electric vehicle with a battery, renewable electricity

30

0 ^{60 90} g/km^{120 150}

139 g/km

49 g/km

102 g/km

32 g/km 28 g/km 0 g/km

119 g/km

17 g/km

*C category car, manufactured without performance data, Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC

In its legislation, Finland is committed to the following percentages of biocomponents in road traffic fuels

A so-called double counting will be taken into account

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Construction and housing

The emissions from the built environment are reduced by improving the energy efficiency of buildings, making the urban structure

denser, and reducing emissions of transportation and housing.

In addition, the production method of energy needed for the

operations and housing of communities has a large impact on

emissions.

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To reduce emissions, the various levels, from the infrastructure planning to the user’s choices, must be taken into account

The planning of sustainable, well-functioning communities is the basis for energy-smart housing. With regard to climate change, the most significant solutions related to land use are made in growing urban areas.

Urban planning - Services nearby

- Functional public transport - Local energy production

Life-style and consumer actions - Use of buildings

Buildings

- Energy efficiency

- Maintenance and repair work

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

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Towards more energy-efficient buildings

About 40% of Finland’s total energy consumption is attributable to buildings. They generate around 35% of greenhouse gas emissions, which can be reduced significantly by improving the energy efficiency of buildings.

•Nearly zero-energy buildings by 2020

•Energy provisions for building renovation 2013

•Energy certificate in use since 2008

What is a nearly zero-energy building like?

Healthy room microclimate

warmth, humidity, sound, lighting, air quality Low heat loss

good insulation, integrity and heat recovery of ventilation Low total energy consumption Efficient use of electricity

and management of electricity’s peak consumption Use of renewable energy

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

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50%

20%

Heating of water

30%

In Finland, most of the greenhouse gas emissions of housing are caused by heating

Approximately half of household emissions are caused by heating living spaces, a fifth by heating water and a third by lighting and other electricity consumption. Reducing emissions and energy consumption is, however, easy as even the smallest changes in routines and habits have an effect.

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

Distribution of household emissions in Finland.

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Waste sector

Greenhouse gas emissions caused by waste are reduced by

improving the utilisation of waste and decreasing the quantity of

waste transported to landfill sites. In recent years, emissions have

dropped so swiftly that it could be called a success story.

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In Finland, most of the greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector are generated in landfill sites

Only about three per cent of waste generated in Finland is municipal waste, but it accounts for nearly all of the greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector.

Greenhouse gas emissions of landfill sites in 2013

Municipal solid waste 61%

Municipal wastewater sludge 1%

Industrial sludge 6%

Industrial solid waste 17%

Construction waste 15%

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Finnish Environment Institute

The proportion of landfill site emissions is 83% of the greenhouse gas emissions of the waste sector.

Recovery of methane: 36 thousand tonnes

34

In Finland, emissions from landfill sites have dropped radically

The goal of 85% emission reduction in the waste sector will be achieved by 2050 through the current measures that restrict the disposal of organic waste in landfills.

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Finnish Environment Institute and SYKE

year

Greenhouse gas emissions of landfill sites in total Mt CO 2-e.

1997 Waste Tax Act and a decision by the Finnish Government on landfill sites.

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

*Reduction calculation has not taken into account the carbon dioxide emissions created during the energy production when waste is utilised as fuel, as the energy produced with waste is used to replace energy produced with some other fuel and the net effect of the waste utilised as fuel on the greenhouse gas emissions is included in the emissions of the energy sector.

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In Finland, less and less municipal waste ends up in landfills

Landfill disposal of organic waste will be ended by 2016 and waste will gradually be utilised more as both material and energy. According to the data from early 2015, the goals set for 2016 will be exceeded.

Distribution of municipal waste to utilisation and processing between 2006 and 2012 and the goal set for 2016

Goal for 2016

2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006

Share of community waste, %

0 20 40 60 80 100

20 30 20

30

21 11 42 25

22 12 34 33

22 13 25 40

20 13 22 45

24 12 18 46

24 8 17 51

24 11 12 53

24 9 9 58

Utilisation as material, excluding

composting and digestion Composting and digestion Utilisation as energy Disposal in landfill site

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland and VALTSU

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Agriculture and forestry

Agriculture and forestry generate greenhouse gas emissions.

On the other hand, forests and vegetation sequester a significant amount of carbon dioxide. By managing forests, ensuring good growth conditions of soil, and improving production methods,

greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced and carbon sequestration

by agriculture and forestry can be enhanced.

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forest domestic

animals

manure machinery

field clearing fields

soil energy production wood construction

and wood products

Agriculture and forestry: emissions and sequestration of greenhouse gases

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

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Heathlands

-8.4 million t of CO₂e. Mires

8.8 million t of CO₂e.

Increase in storage

-24.5 million t of CO₂e.

Removal of forest stock

20.1 million t of CO₂e.

Removal of the growing stock

104.6 million t of CO₂e.

Increment of the growing stock

-131.1 million t of CO₂e.

Forests and wood products can be used to sequester and store carbon

Carbon sinks of forests refer to the difference between annually sequestered carbon by forests and carbon removals from them. At the the European scale, forest carbon sinks in Finland rank very high volume-wise. By using wood in products and as energy, greenhouse gas emissions and use of non-renewable energy can be reduced.

FOREST CARBON SINkS

in total: -26.1 million t of CO₂e

WOOD PRODUCTS

in total: -4.4 million t of CO₂e

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland 2013

CO₂e = Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO₂ units.

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Forests sequester a large volume of Finland’s greenhouse gas emissions

All countries report on the impacts of forests and land use on climate under the international agreement on climate change. One inventory sector covers emissions resulting from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). In Finland, forests sequester annually around 30–60% of greenhouse gas emissions. The most significant reason for the variations in the carbon sinks of our forests are the changes in the annual volume of felling.

CO₂e. = Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science that describes the amount of all greenhouse gas emissions produced by human actions.

LULUCF= Land use, land-use change and forestry

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: statistics Finland

Greenhouse gas emissions (other sectors) Greenhouse gas emissions from the

LULUCF sector minus the sinks, i.e. net sink Emissions minus net sinks

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40

-50 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

Million tonnes CO 2e.

+

-

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Sources of emissions from agriculture in Finland

Most of the agricultural emissions come from the soil (e.g. from decomposition of organic matter and fertilisation).

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

CH₄ = methane N₂O = nitrous oxide CO₂ = carbon dioxide

2. Digestion by domestic animals CH₄

3. Treatment of manure N₂O, CH₄

4. Liming and controlled burning N₂O, CH₄, CO₂

5. Fuel consumption of agriculture

CO₂ 1. Soil

N₂O, CO₂

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Food production and consumption and related climate measures in Finland

M: Measure for mitigation of climate change A: Measure for adaptation to climate change

Plant varieties that are better adapted to the new conditions are bred, such as turnip rape and oilseed rape (A)

Nutrients in manure are recovered and nitrogen fertiliser is applied according to requirements of plants (M)

Vegetables will be utilised more in

diets (M) Food loss is reduced through the whole food system (M)

Peatlands are cultivated in a climate-friendly manner (M+A) Soil is managed carefully, for example

by trenching and preserving organic matter (M+A)

The health of vegetation and animals is secured and the spreading of

detrimental invasive species is prevented (A)

Energy efficiency is increased and fossil fuels are replaced with renewable energy (M+A)

PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change

42

PART III

Impacts of climate change

and adaptation to them

43

Transportation

- Effect of heavy rain on the usability of roads - Increased slipperiness

External threats

- Global economic disturbances - More frequent conflicts

- Conflicts over natural resources - Environmental migrants

The Baltic Sea

- Rising sea level

- Decrease in salt levels, eutrophication

Fish and fishing

- Smaller fish stocks

- Endangered species are threatened further

Health and wellbeing

- Heat waves, heat islands of cities

- Pollution of domestic water supply due to heavy rains - Changes in the prevalence of animal-borne diseases

Game management and reindeer herding

- The quantity and quality of reindeer food - Greater risk of parasite epidemics

- Snow-free winters are a risk for animals that grow a winter coat

Agriculture

- Greater risk of diseases and pests

- Extreme weather conditions cause harvest losses + New species and more bountiful varieties

Energy and industry

- Securing the electricity supply in exceptional conditions - Risk management in changing water conditions

+ More hydropower and bioenergy

Buildings and use of areas

- More flooding from stormwater runoff

- Exterior cladding affected by increased humidity and wind stress - Higher moisture content of soil lowers the carrying capacity

Biodiversity

- Changes in the prevalence of plants and animals - Greater numbers of invasive species

- Higher number of threatened species

Water resources

- Higher risk of flooding

- Leaching of nutrients increases

- Changes in the quantity and quality of groundwater

Tourism

- Shorter winter tourism season

+ The popularity of summer tourism may increase

Forestry

- Increase in forest damage

- Loss of frost makes felling more difficult + Trees grow faster

Risks and opportunities of climate change in Finland

44

Finland has many ways of adapting to and preparing for climate change

With the help of carefully planned adaptation measures the negative effects of climate change can be mitigated while the beneficial effects can be utilised better.

Agriculture

- breeding plants and animals

- improving the management of water resources - alarm systems for pests

Forestry

- forest tree breeding

- developing forest management

- preparedness plans for forest damage Transportation

- warning systems and communication - improving operations during disturbances

- improving the maintenance of transport routes Biodiversity

- developing the network of conservation areas - preventing harmful invasive species

Energy

- measures for improving the security of electricity supply

Tourism

- developing year-round tourism - developing tourist services

Floods

- warning systems and communication -land use planning

- flood embankments, protective structures Health and wellbeing

- heat wave warnings

- managing the quality of drinking water

PART III: Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them Source: How can we be prepared for inevitable climate change? (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry /2011)

45

Flooding €4.7 million

Centre of Kittilä, 2005

Flooding €0.9 million

Vantaanjoki, 2004

Storms, over €100 million

Summer 2010

Forest damage caused by storms over €60 million

Eino storm 2013

Forest damage caused by storms around €40 million

Seija storm 2013

Flooding €20 million

Pori, 2007

Flooding €20 million

Gulf of Finland, 2005

Flooding €6 million

Southern Ostrobothnia, 2012

Droughts €100 million

whole Finland 2002-2003

Forest damage caused by storms €120 million costs for electricity companies €48 million insurance compensations €102 million

Hannu and Tapani storms 2011

Extreme weather conditions have already caused plenty of costs in Finland

Based on current experience, it pays to be prepared for extreme weather conditions.

PART III: Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them