17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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Prof. Dr. Asko Sarja
Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Building and Transport
Lifetime Engineering
A Visionary View
LIFETIME ENGINEERING
• Lifetime engineering is a theory and practice of predictive and integrated long-term investment planning, design, management of the use, maintenance planning and end-of-life management of facilities
• With the aid of lifetime engineering we can control and optimise the design and management of facilities corresponding to the objectives of owners, users and society.
• The objective of Lifetime Engineering is an optimised Lifetime
Quality of facilities
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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Life cycle of a building
Technical life cycle of the building Technical life cycle
of the building 0. LAND 0. LAND
1. DEVELOP- MENT 1. DEVELOP-
MENT
2. UTILIZATION 2. UTILIZATION
3. VACANT 3. VACANT 4. REDEVELOP-
MENT 4. REDEVELOP-
MENT 5. UTILIZATION 5. UTILIZATION
6. DEMOLITION 6. DEMOLITION
1.1 Investment analysis
1.2 Project planning:
Setting the goals 1.3 Choices
1.4 Designing and Construction
1.6 Auditing Taking
into use
1.7 Maintenance strategy 2.1 Implementation
of the maintenance strategy
3.1Renting
3.2 Redevelopment 3.3 Sale
3.5 Demolition Visio => cost-effectiveness
strategy
1.5 Quality control
4.1 Investment analysis 4.2 Project planning:
Setting the goals
4.3 Choices 4.5 Auditing
Taking into use 4.6 Maintenance strategy
Environmental aspects Re-use of the materials
The condition of the ground, impurities, soil etc.
5.1 Implementation of the maintenance strategy
3.4 Acquisition 3.4.1 Investment analysis 3.4.2 Setting the goals 3.4.3 Choices
CONTENT OF THE LIFETIME ENGINEERING
- Lifetime investment planning - Integrated lifetime design
- Integrated lifetime procurement (lifetime contract) - Integrated lifetime management and maintenance
planning
- Rehabilitation and modernisation - End-of Life Management:
- Recovery, Reuse
- Recycling and
- Disposal
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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Visions of the future Lifetime Engineering
• The generic criteria of Sustainable Building are followed
– in all phases of the life cycle
• The lifetime management is:
– predictive: future usability, economy, ecology and cultural aspects are evaluated, modelled and used as criteria for selections between alternative solutions and products in all phases
– creative: alternative solutions and technologies are created and found at all phases of the process
– optimising: comparisons between alternative solutions and
products made with rational methods applying the criteria, which correspond to the generic criteria on techno-economic and
architectural level
Optimising Lifetime Management and design Process
[John Kelly and Steven Male, Value Management in Design and Construction. E&FN SPON London. 1993.]
Quantity of informa- tion
Value management and Cost management opportunities
Unstructured
information Concept information
Design information
a b A B C D E F G H
Project awareness
Client development
Inception Feasibility Outline proposals
Scheme design
Detail design
Production information
Bills of quantities
Tender action
Pre-brief Briefing Sketch plans Working drawings
Value management
Cost management
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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LIFETIME ENGINEERING PROCESS
• Value engineering and management
– a service
• that utilises structured functional analysis and
• other problem solving tools and technques in order to
• determine explicitely s client`s needs and wants
• related to both cost and worth
• Cost management
– a servgice that
• synthesises traditional quantity surveying skills with
• structured cost cost reduction or
• substitution procedures using multi-disciplinary team.
Levels of the functional analysis
• Level 1: Task
– represents the first stage wherein the client organisation perceives a problem
– This problem may be realised through a study of efficiency, safety, markets, profitability etc.
• Level 2: Spaces
– Represents the stage where the architect or the whole design team are engaged in the preaparation of the brief in conjunction with the client
• Level 3: Elements/Modules:
– Is the stage where the building assumes a structural form
• Level 4: Components:
– Is the point where the elements/modules take an identity in terms of buit form.
– Components are selected to satisfy the requirements in terms of
surrounding and servicing space
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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[John Kelly and Steven Male, Value Management in Design and Construction. E&FN SPON London. 1993.]
CRITERIA OF LIFETIME QUALITY
of sustainable building
HUMAN CONDITIONS -Functionality
-Health -Safety -Convenience
ECONOMY -Investment economy
-Building costs -Life cycle costs
LIFETIME QUALITY LIFETIME PERFORMANCE
CULTURE -Building traditions
-Life style -Business culture
-Aesthetics
-Architectural styles and trends -Image
ECOLOGY
-Raw materials economy -Energy economy
-Environmental burdens economy -Waste economy
-Biodiversity
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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COMPONENTS OF LIFE CYCLE QUALITY
• Life cycle monetary cost (LCMC)
– Construction cost ( 40-60% of LCMC)
– Costs during the period of use (50 y: 60-40% of LCMC)
• Maintenance cost during design service life
• Repair costs during design service life
• Changing costs during design service life
• Renewal costs during design service life
• Energy cost during design service life
– Recovery + Reuse – Recycling
– Disposal
COMPONENTS OF LIFE CYCLE QUALITY
• Life cycle functionality (LCF)
–Functionality for the first user
– Flexibility for changes of building services
• Flexibility for changes of spaces
• Flexibility for changes in
performance of structures
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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COMPONENTS OF LIFE CYCLE QUALITY
• Life cycle maintainability
• Reliability in operation in normal and abnormal conditions
• Ease
• Frequency
• Staff requirements
COMPONENTS OF LIFE CYCLE QUALITY
• Environmental effectiveness of the life cycle(LCEC)
– Consumption of energy in use
(heating+lighting) - a dictating factor (ca.
90%)
– Consumption of energy in production (ca.
10%)
• Consumption of raw materials: Renewal/non- renewal
• Production of pollutants and disposals into air,
soil and water
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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ENERGY ECOMY CLASSIFICATION
• Class 1. Standard level. Heating + cooling energy economy is fitting the current standards of each country or region .
• Class 2. Reduced energy level: less than 50% of the current level.
• Class 3. Low energy level: less than 25% of the standard level.
• Class 4. Zero energy level: Heating + cooling energy consumption is zero.
• Class 5. Plus energy building: the gain of solar or other
natural energy is more than needed for heating and building
service systems
COMPONENTS OF LIFE CYCLE QUALITY
• Safety, health and comfort
– Internal air quality (emissions, fungi)
• Acoustic and visual privacy and convenience
• Hygrothermal quality of internal conditions
• Visual quality and aesthetics
– Working conditions during construction
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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PHASES OF THE LIFETIME ENGINEERING
- Lifetime investment planning - Integrated lifetime design
- Integrated lifetime procurement and construction - Integrated lifetime management and maintenance
planning
- Rehabilitation and modernisation - End-of Life Management:
- Recovery, Reuse
- Recycling and
- Disposal
Investment analysis Risk analysis
Risks return and investment
value
Market research
Technical evaluation Cash flow
expectations/
analysis Different
risk analyses Location
Services:
Needed/ available Technical risks
Lease analyses
Suitability for use
Technical condition
Usage
Technical characteristics
Technical quality
Aesthetical quality Income
Investment value and price
Maintenance and life cycle
costs
Residual and salvage values
Functional quality Financing,
tax and legal environments
Different value concepts
[Taina Koskelo,A METHOD FOR STRATEGIC TECHNICAL LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT OF REAL ESTATES]
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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Lifetime investment planning and decision making
• The investment planning and decision making applies value management to audit and optimise:
1.The client`s use of a facility in relation to its corporate strategy
2.The project brief
3.The emerging design
4.The production method
Maximum
Maximum
Optimum
Design cost Construction cost Use and MR&R(maintenace, repair and rehabilitation) costs Declining
influence on costs
Unnecessary costs Necessary extra cost
Minimum or optimum
Modified from:
John Kelly and Steven Male, Value Management in Design and Construction. E&FN SPON London. 1993.
Minimum or optimum High influence
Low expenditure
Low influence High expenditure
Potential Benefits during lifetime
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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CENTRAL CONTENT OF ILC (integrated Life Cycle)-DESIGN
– Introducing the requirements of owners, users and society (environment incl.) into functional and technical specifications of materials and structures
– Modular service life planning and optimisation – Performance based design of materials and
structures, incl. service life design (durability) – Design for reuse of components and for
recycling of materials
INTRODUCING GENERIC CRITERIA INTO DESIGN
Sustainable Society - Sustainable Building
Normative and traditional reliability theory and methods for
structural design
Generalised lifetime limit state design Generic Requirements for sustainable building
Resistance against mechanical loads
Durability against degradation
Usability against
obsolescence
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Lyon 2005
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FRAMEWORK OF ILC-DESIGN
INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE DESIGN PROCESS AND METHODS
• 1. Investment planning
– Multiple criteria analysis, optimisation and decision making.
– Life cycle (monetary and natural) economy
• 2. Analysis of client`s and user`s needs
– Modular design methodology.
– Quality Function Deployment Method (QFD)
• 3. Functional specifications of the buildings
– Modular design methodology.
– Quality Function Deployment Method (QFD)
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE DESIGN PROCESS AND METHODS
• 4. Technical performance specifications
– Modular design methodology.
– Quality Function Deployment Method (QFD)
• 5. Creation and sketching of alternative structural solutions
– Modular design methodology.
INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE DESIGN PROCESS AND METHODS
• 6. Modular life cycle planning and service life optimisation of each alternative
– Modular design methodology.
– Modular service life planning.
– Life cycle (monetary and natural) economy calculations.
• 7. Multiple criteria ranking and selection between alternative solutions and products
– Modular design methodology.
– Quality Function Deployment Method (QFD).
– Multiple Criteria Analysis, optimisation and decision
making
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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INTEGRATED LIFE CYCLE DESIGN PROCESS AND METHODS
• 8. Detailed design of the selected solution
– Design for future changes – Design for durability
– Design for health – Design for safety
– Design for hygrothermal performance.
– User`s manual.
– Design for re-use and recycling
MODULAR ILC-DESIGN
• The tasks for each design alternative are the following:
• Classification of building modules into design service life classes, following a suited modular classification system.
• Stating the number of renewals of each module during the design service life of the building.
• Calculation of total life cycle monetary costs and costs of the nature (ecology) during the design life cycle of the building.
• Preliminary optimisation of the total life cycle cost
varying the value of service life of key modules in
each alternative between the allowed values.
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Lyon 2005
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Specification of performance properties for the alternative structural solutions as an example a multi-storey apartment building.
•Target values of thermal insulation,
•target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles 5. Envelop/Ground Floor
•Target values of thermal insulation,
•target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles 4. Envelop/Roof
•Target values of thermal insulation,
•target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles 3. Envelop/Walls
•Bearing capacity,
•target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles.
2. Bearing frame
•Bearing capacity,
•target service life,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles 1. Foundations
Central performance properties in specifications
Structural module
•Target values of sound and moisture insulation,
•target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles,
•estimated intervals of the renewal of connected installations 10. Bathroom and
kitchen
•Target values of sound insulation,
•target service life,
•estimated intervals of spatial changes in the building,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles,
•estimated intervals of the renewal of connected installations 9. Partition walls (incl.
doors)
•Target values of sound insulation,
•target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles,
•estimated intervals of the renewal of connected installations 8. Partition Floors
•Target values of thermal insulation,
• target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles 7. Envelop/Doors
•Target values of thermal insulation,
•target service life,
•estimated repair intervals,
•estimated maintenance costs,
•limits and targets of environmental impact profiles 6. Envelop/Windows
17th April, 2005 Asko Sarja - Workshop "Lifetime"
Lyon 2005
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CRITERIA IN SELECTION BETWEEN ALTERNATIVES
• The selected alternative can fulfil some of the following criteria:
– Best in all requirements
– Best weighted properties on reasonable cost level
– Best in preferred requirements, fulfilling accepted level in all requirements
– Best in valuated multiple criteria benefit/cost
ratio
Project Consortium
CLIENT
Share- holders agree- ment
Subsupplier agreements
Service agreement
Lease agreement/
payment of rent
Agreement on purchase option
Financer
Contractor
Sub-contractors Share-
holders
Suppliers
Construction procurement
LIFETIME RESPONSIBILITY
PROCUREMENT
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Lyon 2005
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Lifetime Responsibility Procurement (Lifetime Contracting)
[Dr. Hywel Davies, Review of Standards and associated literature on technology and lifetime economy]
• Innovations in public sector:
– Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and – Public Private Partnership (PPP).
• PFI/PPP are efficient and effective ways of delivering services to the public sector
– the responsible contractor has real interest in optimised lifetime costs and
– the client defines the requirements and criteria for lifetime quality
– is applied both in building and civil engineering sector – usual contract time period 20 - 25 years
– Variations of Lifetime Contract process:
• “Design, Build and Operate” (DBO),
• “Design, Build, Finance and Operate” (DBFO),
• “Build, Own, Operate, Transfer” (BOOT)
Predictive and optimising Facility Management
RELIABILITY BASED METHODOLOGY
•System structure
•Generic Reliability
•Generic Methodology
GENERIC TECHNICAL HANDBOOK:
"LIFECON LMS"
•Framework
•Process CONDITION
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL:
"LIFECON CAP"
PLANNING OF MR&R PROJECTS
•LCC and LCE
•Selections
between methods and materials
•Decision making
support METHODS FOR OPTIMISATION
AND DECISION MAKING
•Markovian Chain Method
•Quality Function
Deployment Method QFD
•Risk Analysis
•Multiple Attribute Decision Making Aid
DEGRADATION MODELS
•Duracrete
•RILEM TC 130CSL
EUROPEAN VALIDATION
•Case Studies
IT- PROTO- TYPE
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Lyon 2005
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End-of Life Management
[Prof. Dr. Frank Schultmann, End-of-Life Management of Buildings, Chair for Construction Management and Economics, University of Siegen ]
results
Material Flow Management
optimisation- algorithm constraints
objective function
Scheduling and Optimisation
dismantling- planning
recycling- planning
results
dismantling order
resource requirements
recycling options
data- bases
...
...
bill of materials composition of construction materials quantity of harmful materials
...
recycling techniques quality of recycling products
ressources
> human resources > machinery > space on construction site ...
duration costs
recycling paths ...
...
capacity of ressources project makespan audit of
buildings
costs for dismantling and recycling resource profiles start and finish times for dismantling activities dismantling techniques
durations material flows
generation of different scenarios/modes
data and information flow sys_CIB_uk.ds4
environmental assessment
recycling quotas resource allocation
Working environment of Lifetime Engineering
Integrated Life- Cycle Design (ILCD)
Integrated Life- Cycle Design (ILCD)
Ownership, Planning and Management of Investments Ownership, Planning and Management of Investments
Life Time Management systems (LMS) Life Time
Management systems (LMS)
Integration of Design and Management Processes Integration of Design and Management Processes
Data for Lifetime Design and Management
Data for Lifetime Design and Management
Norms, Standards and Guidelines for Lifetime Design, Management and
Maintenance Planning Norms, Standards and Guidelines for Lifetime Design, Management and
Maintenance Planning
Practices of Design and Management of Buildings and Infrastructures Practices of Design and Management of Buildings and Infrastructures